Data included the pre-test and post-test marks, participant observation, the students’ completed practice questions and a questionnaire, the design of which was based on two focus-group interviews. The written instructions given to the students, with the scores, were:
1. Before the music plays: Note the key signature, and sing the first bar or two in your head. (Pencil in a stave on a blank section of the exam paper, so you have somewhere to write ‘rough notes’)
2. As the music plays: draw the melody as you hear it, with your hand. When you reach the missing notes: draw them with your hand, and remember them.
3. When the music stops: sing the missing notes, several times, in your head. (Slow them down if necessary.) Draw them on a blank section of the exam paper. When you are sure you won't forget them, sing the scale in your head. Then work out where, on the scale, each missing note goes, remembering your drawing of the notes (i.e. up & down by steps or leaps)