The activist-oriented tradition, which involves struggle and resistance to domination, is dependent upon communication. Andrew Calabrese (1999), for example, discusses Gramsci’s suggestion that a “war of position” must precede any “war of movement” (p. 180). This war of position involves a process of social learning and reflection, dialogue, and political strategizing, while the war of movement promotes revolution and radical action. Note how this offensive, proactive idea of a war of position versus a defensive, in-the-trenches war of movement is parallel to Buckingham’s (2003) notion of media education as a form of preparation, rather than a form of protection.