The Japanese dynamics of productivity management, in a
strategic sense, are perceived as an ongoing process.
They seek incremental improvements (kaizen) for
products and services in every aspect, from design and
operations to sales and maintenance. They also aim to
optimize life-cycle costs. In the automobile industry,
Womack et al.[9] describe lean production, where “lean”
reflects the fact that it uses less of every resource,
including time, compared to mass production. The focus
is on the process of creating conditions in which all
employees can contribute towards improvements.
Productivity is seen as a way of life, where the employee
becomes a “source” of improvement rather than a mere
“resource”. Overall, organizational productivity is
emphasized in long-term gains and synergy