In terms of contemporary translation, George Steiner considered that
translation was influenced by fourteen writers, including ‘St. Jerome,
Luther, Dryden and Schleiermacher, Ezra Pound, Walter Benjamin and
Steiner himself. However, Munday (2001: 29) agreed with Bassnett (1991:
134 cited in Ibid.) that translation became problematic because ‘the
criteria for judgements were vague and subjective’, and with Wilss (1996:
128 cited in Ibid.) that ‘the judgements themselves were highly
normative’. As a result, contemporary translation, according to Munday
(2001), is always considered as ‘“literal” or “free”’, in order to form the
criteria to judge it.