ournal of Nutrition and Metabolism
[13] H. Tilg, A. Wilmer, W. Vogel et al., “Serum levels of cytokines
in chronic liver diseases,” Gastroenterology, vol. 103, no. 1, pp.
264–274, 1992.
[14] V. von Baehr, W. D. Do ̈cke, M. Plauth et al., “Mechanisms of
endotoxin tolerance in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: role of interleukin 10, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors as well as effector cell desensitisation,” Gut, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 281–287, 2000.
[15] A. J. McCullough and A. S. Tavill, “Disordered energy and protein metabolism in liver disease,” Seminars in Liver Disease, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 265–277, 1991.
[16] T. Nishida, S. Tsuji, M. Tsujii et al., “Oral glucose tolerance test predicts prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 70– 75, 2006.
[17] J. S. Scolapio, A. Ukleja, K. McGreevy, O. L. Burnett, and P. C. O’Brien, “Nutritional problems in end-stage liver disease: contribution of impaired gastric emptying and ascites,” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 89–93, 2002.
[18] C. Gerstner, T. Schuetz, V. von Baehr et al., “Correlation between energy expenditure, nutrient intake, malnutrition and activation of the inflammatory system in patients with liver cirrhosis,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 34, supplement 1, pp. 195–196, 2001.
[19] G. Bianchi, R. Marzocchi, C. Lorusso, V. Ridolfi, and G. Marchesini, “Nutritional treatment of chronic liver failure,” Hepatology Research, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. S93–S101, 2008.
[20] E. Bartoli, L. Castello, and P. P. Sainaghi, “Diagnosis and ther- apy of hyponatremia,” Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 193–203, 2003.
[21] N. To ̈ zu ̈ n, “Influence of the metabolic complications of liver cirrhosis on dietary intake,” Medical Science Monitor, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1223–1226, 2000.
[22] F. Gunsar, M. L. Raimondo, S. Jones et al., “Nutritional status and prognosis in cirrhotic patients,” Alimentary Pharmacol- ogy and Therapeutics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 563–572, 2006.
[23] L. M. Forman and M. R. Lucey, “Predicting the prognosis of chronic liver disease: an evolution from child to MELD,” Hepatology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 473–475, 2001.
[24] L. Pagliaro, “MELD: the end of Child-Pugh classification?” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 141–142, 2002.
[25] M. Plauth, E. Cabre ́, O. Riggio et al., “ESPEN Guidelines on
Enteral Nutrition: liver disease,” Clinical Nutrition, vol. 25,
no. 2, pp. 285–294, 2006.
[26] B. Campillo, J. P. Richardet, and P. N. Bories, “Enteral
nutrition in severely malnourished and anorectic cirrhotic patients in clinical practice: benefit and prognostic factors,” Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique, vol. 29, no. 6-7, pp. 645–651, 2005.
[27] M. R. A ́ lvares-da-Silva and T. Reverbel da Silveira, “Compari- son between handgrip strength, subjective global assessment, and prognostic nutritional index in assessing malnutrition and predicting clinical outcome in cirrhotic outpatients,” Nutrition, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 113–117, 2005.
[28] M. Y. Morgan, A. M. Madden, C. T. Soulsby, and R. W. Morris, “Derivation and validation of a new global method for assessing nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis,” Hepatology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 823–835, 2006.
[29] C. Bachmann, O. Braissant, A. M. Villard, O. Boulat, and H. Henry, “Ammonia toxicity to the brain and creatine,” Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, vol. 81, pp. S52–S57, 2004.
[30] [31]
[32]
[33]
[34] [35]
[36]
[37]
[38] [39]
[40] [41]
[42]
[43] [44]
[45] [46]
9
R. M. Cohn and K. S. Roth, “Hyperammonemia, bane of the brain,” Clinical Pediatrics, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 683–689, 2004. C. H. Dejong, W. J. Meijerink, C. L. van Berlo, N. E. Deutz, and P. B. Soeters, “Decreased plasma isoleucine concentrations after upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in humans,” Gut, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 13–17, 1996.
S. W. Olde Damink, C. H. Dejong, and R. Jalan, “Review article: hyperammonaemic and catabolic consequences of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 801–810, 2009.
K. Kisters, C. Spieker, S. Q. Nguyen, H. P. Bertram, C. Muller, and W. Zidek, “Zinc concentrations in human liver tissue and in blood plasma in cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism,” Trace Elements and Electrocytes, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 101–103, 1994.
H. F. Goode, J. Kelleher, and B. E. Walker, “Relation between zinc status and hepatic functional reserve in patients with liver disease,” Gut, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 694–697, 1990.
L. Capocaccia, M. Merli, C. Piat, R. Servi, A. Zullo, and O. Riggio, “Zinc and other trace elements in liver cirrhosis,” Italian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 386–391, 1991.
K. Gohshi, S. Fujiyama, J. Shibata, T. Sato, A. Higashi, and I. Matsuda, “Zinc absorption and its correlation with results of oral zinc tolerance testing in non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis; kinetic study,” Hepatogastroenterology, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 487– 491, 1995.
P. W. Keeling, W. Ruse, J. Bull, B Hannigan, and R. P. Thompson, “Direct measurement of the hepatointestinal extraction of zinc in cirrhosis and hepatitis,” Clinical Science, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 441–444, 1981.
E. Rocchi, P. Borella, A. Borghi et al., “Zinc and magnesium in liver cirrhosis,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 149–155, 1994.
O. Riggio, M. Merli, L. Capocaccia et al., “Zinc supplemen- tation reduces blood ammonia and increases liver ornithine transcarbamylase activity in experimental cirrhosis,” Hepa- tology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 785–789, 1992.
A. S. Prasad, P. Rabbani, A. Abbasii, E. Bowersox, and M. R. Fox, “Experimental zinc deficiency in humans,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 483–490, 1978.
P. Reding, J. Duchateau, and C. Bataille, “Oral zinc sup- plementation improves hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a randomised controlled trial,” Lancet, vol. 2, no. 8401, pp. 493–495, 1984.
K. Gru ̈ngreiff, H. J. Presser, D. Franke, B. Lo ̈ssner, K. Abicht, and F. D. Kleine, “Correlations between zinc, amino acids and ammonia in liver cirrhosis,” Zeitschrift fur Gastroen- terologie, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 731–735, 1989.
A. S. Prasad, “Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 182, no. 3, pp. S62–S68, 2000.
G. Marchesini, A. Fabbri, G. Bianchi, M. Brizi, and M. Zoli, “Zinc supplementation and amino acid-nitrogen metabolism in patients with advanced cirrhosis,” Hepatology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1084–1092, 1996.
P. Marchetti, P. Amodio, L. Caregaro, and A. Gatta, “Zinc deficiency in liver cirrhosis: a curiosity or problem?” Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 157–162, 1998. B. Dworkin, W. S. Rosenthal, R. H. Jankowski, G. G. Gordon, and D. Haldea, “Low blood selenium levels in alcoholics with and without advanced liver disease. Correlations with clinical
ournal of Nutrition and Metabolism[13] H. Tilg, A. Wilmer, W. Vogel et al., “Serum levels of cytokinesin chronic liver diseases,” Gastroenterology, vol. 103, no. 1, pp.264–274, 1992.[14] V. von Baehr, W. D. Do ̈cke, M. Plauth et al., “Mechanisms ofendotoxin tolerance in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: role of interleukin 10, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors as well as effector cell desensitisation,” Gut, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 281–287, 2000.[15] A. J. McCullough and A. S. Tavill, “Disordered energy and protein metabolism in liver disease,” Seminars in Liver Disease, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 265–277, 1991.[16] T. Nishida, S. Tsuji, M. Tsujii et al., “Oral glucose tolerance test predicts prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 70– 75, 2006.[17] J. S. Scolapio, A. Ukleja, K. McGreevy, O. L. Burnett, and P. C. O’Brien, “Nutritional problems in end-stage liver disease: contribution of impaired gastric emptying and ascites,” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 89–93, 2002.[18] C. Gerstner, T. Schuetz, V. von Baehr et al., “Correlation between energy expenditure, nutrient intake, malnutrition and activation of the inflammatory system in patients with liver cirrhosis,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 34, supplement 1, pp. 195–196, 2001.[19] G. Bianchi, R. Marzocchi, C. Lorusso, V. Ridolfi, and G. Marchesini, “Nutritional treatment of chronic liver failure,” Hepatology Research, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. S93–S101, 2008.[20] E. Bartoli, L. Castello, and P. P. Sainaghi, “Diagnosis and ther- apy of hyponatremia,” Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 193–203, 2003.[21] N. To ̈ zu ̈ n, “Influence of the metabolic complications of liver cirrhosis on dietary intake,” Medical Science Monitor, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1223–1226, 2000.[22] F. Gunsar, M. L. Raimondo, S. Jones et al., “Nutritional status and prognosis in cirrhotic patients,” Alimentary Pharmacol- ogy and Therapeutics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 563–572, 2006.[23] L. M. Forman and M. R. Lucey, “Predicting the prognosis of chronic liver disease: an evolution from child to MELD,” Hepatology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 473–475, 2001.[24] L. Pagliaro, “MELD: the end of Child-Pugh classification?” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 141–142, 2002.[25] M. Plauth, E. Cabre ́, O. Riggio et al., “ESPEN Guidelines onEnteral Nutrition: liver disease,” Clinical Nutrition, vol. 25,no. 2, pp. 285–294, 2006.[26] B. Campillo, J. P. Richardet, and P. N. Bories, “Enteralnutrition in severely malnourished and anorectic cirrhotic patients in clinical practice: benefit and prognostic factors,” Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique, vol. 29, no. 6-7, pp. 645–651, 2005.[27] M. R. A ́ lvares-da-Silva and T. Reverbel da Silveira, “Compari- son between handgrip strength, subjective global assessment, and prognostic nutritional index in assessing malnutrition and predicting clinical outcome in cirrhotic outpatients,” Nutrition, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 113–117, 2005.[28] M. Y. Morgan, A. M. Madden, C. T. Soulsby, and R. W. Morris, “Derivation and validation of a new global method for assessing nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis,” Hepatology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 823–835, 2006.[29] C. Bachmann, O. Braissant, A. M. Villard, O. Boulat, and H. Henry, “Ammonia toxicity to the brain and creatine,” Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, vol. 81, pp. S52–S57, 2004.[30] [31][32][33][34] [35][36][37][38] [39][40] [41][42][43] [44][45] [46]9R. M. Cohn and K. S. Roth, “Hyperammonemia, bane of the brain,” Clinical Pediatrics, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 683–689, 2004. C. H. Dejong, W. J. Meijerink, C. L. van Berlo, N. E. Deutz, and P. B. Soeters, “Decreased plasma isoleucine concentrations after upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in humans,” Gut, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 13–17, 1996.S. W. Olde Damink, C. H. Dejong, and R. Jalan, “Review article: hyperammonaemic and catabolic consequences of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 801–810, 2009.K. Kisters, C. Spieker, S. Q. Nguyen, H. P. Bertram, C. Muller, and W. Zidek, “Zinc concentrations in human liver tissue and in blood plasma in cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism,” Trace Elements and Electrocytes, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 101–103, 1994.H. F. Goode, J. Kelleher, and B. E. Walker, “Relation between zinc status and hepatic functional reserve in patients with liver disease,” Gut, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 694–697, 1990.L. Capocaccia, M. Merli, C. Piat, R. Servi, A. Zullo, and O. Riggio, “Zinc and other trace elements in liver cirrhosis,” Italian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 386–391, 1991.K. Gohshi, S. Fujiyama, J. Shibata, T. Sato, A. Higashi, and I. Matsuda, “Zinc absorption and its correlation with results of oral zinc tolerance testing in non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis; kinetic study,” Hepatogastroenterology, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 487– 491, 1995.P. W. Keeling, W. Ruse, J. Bull, B Hannigan, and R. P. Thompson, “Direct measurement of the hepatointestinal extraction of zinc in cirrhosis and hepatitis,” Clinical Science, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 441–444, 1981.E. Rocchi, P. Borella, A. Borghi et al., “Zinc and magnesium in liver cirrhosis,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 149–155, 1994.O. Riggio, M. Merli, L. Capocaccia et al., “Zinc supplemen- tation reduces blood ammonia and increases liver ornithine transcarbamylase activity in experimental cirrhosis,” Hepa- tology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 785–789, 1992.A. S. Prasad, P. Rabbani, A. Abbasii, E. Bowersox, and M. R. Fox, “Experimental zinc deficiency in humans,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 483–490, 1978.
P. Reding, J. Duchateau, and C. Bataille, “Oral zinc sup- plementation improves hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a randomised controlled trial,” Lancet, vol. 2, no. 8401, pp. 493–495, 1984.
K. Gru ̈ngreiff, H. J. Presser, D. Franke, B. Lo ̈ssner, K. Abicht, and F. D. Kleine, “Correlations between zinc, amino acids and ammonia in liver cirrhosis,” Zeitschrift fur Gastroen- terologie, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 731–735, 1989.
A. S. Prasad, “Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 182, no. 3, pp. S62–S68, 2000.
G. Marchesini, A. Fabbri, G. Bianchi, M. Brizi, and M. Zoli, “Zinc supplementation and amino acid-nitrogen metabolism in patients with advanced cirrhosis,” Hepatology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1084–1092, 1996.
P. Marchetti, P. Amodio, L. Caregaro, and A. Gatta, “Zinc deficiency in liver cirrhosis: a curiosity or problem?” Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 157–162, 1998. B. Dworkin, W. S. Rosenthal, R. H. Jankowski, G. G. Gordon, and D. Haldea, “Low blood selenium levels in alcoholics with and without advanced liver disease. Correlations with clinical
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