6.2. Relations among teachers’ behavior management skills,
children’s task orientation, and children’s emergent literacy and
language gains
Prior to addressing the first and second research questions, the
unconditional model for each child outcome (print awareness and
vocabulary knowledge) was first tested using HLM as discussed
previously. The unconditional model predicting print awareness
yielded an ICC of .324, indicating that most of the variability in
Time 2 print awareness scores was attributable to between-child
effects. Similarly, the ICC (.152) obtained from the unconditional
model predicting vocabulary knowledge suggested that majority
of variance in Time 2 vocabulary knowledge scores lay between
children. In the remaining analyses, the following variables were
always entered as controls: age, race, intervention status, and children’s
initial skills.