Children construct their knowledge.
Knowledge is not transferred passively, but is personally constructed.
The learning is mediated.
Cognitive development is not a direct result of activity, but it is indirect; other people must interact with the learner, use mediatory tools to facilitate the learning process, and then cognitive development may occur.
Language plays a central role in mental development.
The most significant sociocultural tool is language, as it is used to teach tool use and is vital in the process of developing higher psychological functions.