Many of the problems associated with first-generation ethanol can be addressed by its production from non-food crop feedstocks, which has been termed second-generation ethanol. Low-cost agricultural and forest residues, wood process wastes, and the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes can all be used as lignocellulosic feedstocks. Where these materials are available, it should be possible to produce ethanol and other chemicals with virtually no additional land requirements or impacts on food and fiber crop