This is critical in view of the range of challenges education organisations may encounter which could make it difficult for them to effectively implement performance management systems in
their schools. Such challenges include lack of staff confidence about the PMS (Down et al., 2000); inadequate resources to implement the PMS (Desimone, 2002); increasing resistance from staff (Oplatka, 2003); large amount of paperwork involved in the implementation of the PMS (O’Brien & Down, 2002); and lack of support by government officials (Blackmore, 2004).