Integrating work on international assignments and domestic stress, we conducted
meta-analyses of over 50 determinants and consequences of expatriate adjustment
using data from 8,474 expatriates in 66 studies. We also examined the trajectory of
adjustment over time, and time as a moderator of adjustment effects. Results emphasize
the centrality, criticality, and complexity of adjustment, strongly supporting
Black, Mendenhall, and Oddou’s (1991) model. Structural modeling of proposed model
extensions showed that adjustment uniquely affects job satisfaction, withdrawal cognitions,
and performance.