The control was
treated with sterile distilled water. SA treatments were applied as a
shoot spraying and/or root irrigation. The concentrations of SA treatments
with shoot spraying and root irrigation were 1 mM and 5 mM,
respectively. The control was treated with sterile distilled water. The
different handling methods were designated as SA shoot spraying and
water root irrigation (SA/Control), water shoot spraying and SA root
irrigation (Control/SA), and SA shoot spraying and SA root irrigation
(SA/SA) (Kiddle et al., 1994; van Dam et al., 2003).