Advocates of the skills. CLT however stressed an integrated-skills approach to the teaching of in Since in real life the skills often occur together, they should also be linked teaching, it was argued. A functional syllabus: this is organized according to the functions the learner should be able to carry out in English, such as expressing likes and dislikes, offering and accepting apologies, introducing someone, and giving explanations. Communicative competence is viewed as mastery of functions needed for communication across a wide range of situations. Vocabulary and grammar is then chosen according to the functions being taught. A sequence of activities similar to the P-P-P lesson cycle is then used to present and practice the function. Functional syllabus were often used as the basis for speaking and listening courses.