International 1922 convention at The Hague (Netherlands) that established standard basic obligations and responsibilities of the shipper and ocean-carrier for goods covered under a bill of lading. These rules were the result of widespread dissatisfaction among shippers and their insurers with arbitrary restrictions imposed by carriers to limit their liability in case of loss of, or damage to, cargo. These rules are followed by some 90 percent of nations and (after some changes) the US adopted them in 1936 as Carriage Of Goods By Sea Act (COGSA).