The addition of NNSs to foods and beverages has become increasingly pervasive in the modern food environment. Although the existing literature on the biological consequences of NNSs, particularly in humans, remains highly controversial, amassing evidence suggests that NNSs are not physiologically inert, and may influence feeding and metabolism through a variety of peripheral and central mechanisms. The determinants of energy homeostasis and ingestive behavior are exceptionally diverse and complex. Contributions of oral, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and neural mechanisms, and the manner in which these systems interact to regulate energy balance, remain insufficiently understood. Conclusions about the impact of NNSs on human health are made within the context of the level of current understanding. As understanding advances so too should the consideration of the impact of NNS use on human health.
Acknowledgments