the urban problem, then, emerged out of the social contradictions specific to the urbanization process in capitalist society. These problem were both social (slum formation) and environmental (fires, epidemics, and pollution); they converged in the densely settled, constricted in the densely settled, constricted space that constituted urban ghettos, The urban problem included other difficulties stemming from over-crowding and which involved housing, land, water, sewage disposal, delinquency, and crime(see (10, pp. 127 ff.)). In this respect, the evils of over-population to which slums gave rise offset substantially the advantages accruing to industrial capital from the concentration of productive forces, financial capital, and large numbers of workers in the city. The urban problems accompanying the early stage of industrial development were mild, however, compared to the more devastating problems caused by industrial pollution which appeared with the establishment of heavy industry following the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5.