A chick of good quality (saleable) was defined as being clean, dry, and free from deformities (no skin lesions, wellformed beak, normal conformation of legs), completely sealed navel, and no yolk sac or residual membrane protruding from the navel area [9, 22]. Within each replication, 30 chicks of good quality were selected at random, and their individual weights were recorded. For the purpose of comparing like with like, only chicks of high score were reared for this study