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POSTED IN STUDYING IN SHANGHAI
A conservator says goodbye to China
Valentina Marabini, British MuseumAfter a year in China studying with the conservators at the Shanghai Museum, I arrived back in London in mid-December to start putting into practice at the British Museum the many new skills and techniques I learned.In the last few months of my placement, I undertook a number of projects and had the opportunity to speak about my work at some international events.One such event was the Forum for Curators of Chinese Art at the Seattle Art Museum in the USA, 27-29 July organised by the JS Lee Foundation. Curators, scientists, archeologists and conservators from both western and eastern museums came together to present, discuss and share their work and I was invited to speak about my time studying the conservation of Chinese heritage paintings in the conservation studio at Shanghai Museum.In October I gave an introduction to the techniques I used in two conservation cases at the Fine Art Department of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. This gave me the chance to visit the Hong Kong Museum of Art, where I was able to meet fellow conservators and discuss examples from their collections and conservation challenges and methods with them.I then went on to the National Palace Museum of Taipei, where I was given the honour of seeing some of their great masterpieces. The Head of Conservation, Mr Hung Sun Xin, allowed me to spend some time at their conservation facility and talked with me about materials and methods they use.Finally, a visit to the Palace Museumin Beijing concluded my time in China. I have great interest in the northern style of conservation practice and the short exchange with my counterparts in Beijing left a warm impression contrasting with the cold temperature in the city.Now, back in London, I am beginning to reflect on the opportunity I’ve just had and my gratitude to the JS Lee Foundation for making this year of study – and the extensive knowledge it has brought me – possible.I’d also like to express my appreciation to Master Zhu Pin Fang, whose time, knowledge and assistance provided me with the chance to develop my technical skills in a unique environment.If you would like to leave a comment click on the title
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Turning a Chinese painting into a hanging scroll
Valentina Marabini, British MuseumAs promised in a previous post, I will now describe the last stages of the conservation of a painting and how it is turned into a hanging scroll, which can be safely rolled for storage. This process is called zhuang hua.
Detaching a painting from the drying boardAfter the painting has been lined with paper and framed with mounting silk, it is stretched and adhered by narrow margins onto a wooden drying board. It is left there to dry for up to five months, depending on the age and condition of the painting. Following this period, the flat and slightly stiff assemblage of the mount and the painting is detached from the drying board using a thin bamboo spatula and placed face down on the red lacquer table ready to be burnished.
Burnishing the back of the paintingA thin layer of wax is applied to the verso – or back – of the painting and this is then gently burnished (polished) with a smooth river stone. This process produces a beautiful smooth, glossy surface on the back of the scroll. The application of the wax and the burnishing compresses the scroll layers and closes the pores of the paper, thus providing the scroll with flexibility and stability.
Using a special Chinese knife to make the hanging scroll rod.The last step of the mounting process is the fixing of the original top stave,tian gan, and bottom roller, di gan, or, if necessary, replacements custom-made from cedar wood. The shape and diameter of these are proportional to the dimensions of the scroll.Small holes are drilled perpendicularly in the top stave and hand-made, copper hooks, ji jiao, are carefully stapled and secured inside it. A cotton cord, shen zi, is inserted inside the hooks and secured with two rods respectively at the extremities.
Treated silk is tied at the centre of the cord to fasten the hanging scroll.The two sides of the wooden stave are covered with the same plain silk used to mount the scroll. These are called fengtou.The same silk is used to produce three thin strips that are pasted to close the loose ends of the cord at the edges. The choice and thickness of the strips illustrated here are characteristic of the Yan Ban Su BanSchool style adopted by the Shanghai Museum team.Special open silk called bai lin dai is laminated with flour paste and left to dry overnight. It is then cut into strips, folded in four and sewn to form a ribbon called dai zi. This is tied at the centre of the cord to fasten the hanging scroll.
The insertion of the bottom roller, di ganThe bottom roller is selected for its weight. Both ends of it are worked with a special knife, each to form a point. Two hollow hardwood mahogany pommels called zhou tou are then fixed onto the wooden rod ends by forcing them in with a wooden hammer. As with the rest of the mounting process, the precision required at this point is paramount!
The finished articleThe scroll can now be rolled, using the pommels, and secured with a ribbon or unrolled and hung as a hanging scroll or lizhou.If you would like to leave a comment click on the title
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Conserving a Qing dynasty calligraphy scroll
Valentina Marabini, British Museum
Zhu Pin Fang, Head of the conservation studio (centre), Valentina (right) and her colleague Shaozen assess the scroll before treatmentIn a previous post I described a hanging scroll that I was working on – a work of Qing Dynasty calligraphy. It is now finished. I wrote then that I would explain the process used to conserve it, so here goes.The first thing I had to do was to assess the scroll condition. The scroll is executed on paper – zhi ben hualong-fibered, which looks almost like silk. It was carefully analysed, photographed and the treatment procedure set. We next established the proportions and design for a new scroll mount.Unfortunately, the scroll was very creased with extensive horizontal cracks and signs of many previous repairs. However, the paint itself was stable and therefore suitable to be cleaned using a ‘wet’ treatment.Using a broad paibi brush we carefully sprinkled water over the surface and drained it off.When the painting was clean we could remove the old linings. A layer of dry xuan paper was placed over the face of the scroll, and the scroll and its support were loosely rolled up. The scroll was unrolled and flattened over wang wang juen (an open silk) face down and left overnight. During this time the paste and layers of backing papers became softer, making them easier to work with.To be able to remove the backing papers we had to remove many of the scroll layers. The scroll had three layers of backing papers – (i) a layer of white xuan paper repairs, (ii) a second lining of very long fibred paper and (iii) a first lining of thinxuan paper in direct contact with the calligraphy.We cleaned the edges of the missing areas, removing old paste residues and lightly evened their thickness with a very thin spatula. Some of the previous repairs were in good condition and were left in situ, but some had deteriorated and so were removed. The calligraphy was now ready for relining.Layers of paper were selected and dyed with natural pigments mixed with animal glue and water to match the tone. The back of the calligraphy was pasted with thin flour paste using a paibi brush. The first lining paper (a long fibered paper) was moistened and positioned over the calligraphy and adhered with awuzhou brush. On top of this a second lining of mian lian (thin xuanpaper) was pasted; this is called jia tou meaning additional lining.False paper margins were adhered to the edge of the calligraphy to facilitate joining to its new silk mount later on.When the lining was complete we could check the calligraphy itself. Missing areas were repaired with new paper made of mian lian and were evened with a thin spatula. The calligraphy was then turned face up and left to dry naturally.After sizing and drying, the calligraphy was again lightly moistened and adhered to a whitexuan paper, face up on the table. We could now start retouching. This is done in natural light, and aims to match the repaired areas to the colours of the original. Ink and pigments are carefully diluted and then applied.This process was followed by tou liao, the selection and dying of the appropriate silk to form the new mount. The silk mount was to be in two colours, a plain and a grey-blue pattern silk.With retouching completed, the calligraphy was detached and the edges of the mount were squared. The mounting silk was cut to size and attached to the calligraphy using a technique called wa hua: a window is cut precisely in the silk and the calligraphy is inserted into it.A final double-layered backing paper completed the lining stage and, after a period of drying, wooden fittings were attached to the top and bottom of the scroll so it was ready for hanging. I will write about that in my next post…
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เมนูบล็อกของพิพิธภัณฑ์บริติชลงเรียนในเซี่ยงไฮ้การระบายความร้อนกล่าวลาจีนเลน Marabini, MuseumAfter อังกฤษปีจีนเรียนกับ conservators ที่พิพิธภัณฑ์เซี่ยงไฮ้ ฉันถึงกลับในลอนดอนในกลางเดือนธันวาคมเริ่มวางสู่การปฏิบัติที่พิพิธภัณฑ์อังกฤษทักษะใหม่และฉันได้เรียนรู้เทคนิคในการ ในช่วงไม่กี่เดือนของการจัดวางของฉัน ฉัน undertook โครงการ และมีโอกาสที่จะพูดเกี่ยวกับงานของฉันในบางกิจกรรมระดับนานาชาติ หนึ่งในเหตุการณ์ดังกล่าวเป็นเวทีสำหรับ Curators จีนศิลปะที่ซีแอตเทิลพิพิธภัณฑ์ศิลปะในสหรัฐอเมริกา 27-29 กรกฎาคมที่จัด โดยมูลนิธิลี JS Curators นักวิทยาศาสตร์ นักโบราณคดี และ conservators จากพิพิธภัณฑ์ทั้งตะวันตก และตะวันออกมารวมกันเพื่อนำเสนอ อภิปราย และร่วมกันทำงาน และฉันได้รับเชิญให้พูดเกี่ยวกับเวลาเรียนอนุรักษ์มรดกจีนภาพในสตูดิโออนุรักษ์ที่เซี่ยงไฮ้ Museum.In ตุลาคมฉันได้แนะนำถึงเทคนิคที่ใช้ในสองอนุรักษ์กรณีที่กรมศิลปะของจีนมหาวิทยาลัย Hong Kong นี้ให้ฉันมีโอกาสไป Hong Kong พิพิธภัณฑ์ ที่ฉันได้พบเพื่อน conservators และอภิปรายตัวอย่างจากชุดเก็บรวบรวม และอนุรักษ์ความท้าทาย และวิธีด้วย แล้วยิ้มในชาติพระราชวังพิพิธภัณฑ์ของไทเป ที่ฉันได้รับเกียรติเห็นบางส่วนของผลงานมาสเตอร์พีซทำดี หัวอนุรักษ์ นายฮังซันซิ อนุญาตให้ฉันใช้เวลาในการอนุรักษ์สิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก และพูดคุยกับผมเกี่ยวกับวัสดุและวิธีใช้ สุดท้าย เยือนปักกิ่ง Museumin พาสรุปเวลาในประเทศจีน มีในลักษณะเหนือการปฏิบัติการอนุรักษ์ และการแลกเปลี่ยนสั้น ๆ กับคู่ของฉันในปักกิ่งเหลือความประทับใจอบอุ่นขณะอุณหภูมิเย็นในเมือง ตอนนี้ ในลอนดอน ฉันเริ่มต้นถึงผมได้มีโอกาสและความกตัญญูของฉันมูลนิธิลี JS ทำปีนี้ศึกษา – และความรู้กว้างขวางที่จะได้นำฉัน – สุด ยังอยากจะขอบคุณของฉันไปหลัก Zhu Pin ฝาง เวลา ความรู้ และความช่วยเหลือที่ให้ฉัน มีโอกาสที่จะพัฒนาทักษะของฉันเทคนิคในสภาพแวดล้อมเฉพาะเอ็กซ์เพรส ถ้าคุณอยากออก ความคิดเห็นคลิกที่ชื่อแบ่งปัน:10Share บน Facebook (เปิดในหน้าต่างใหม่) 104Click ใช้ร่วมกันบน Twitter (เปิดในหน้าต่างใหม่) 41Click ใช้ร่วมกันบน 1Click อย่างไร LinkedIn (เปิดในหน้าต่างใหม่) อีเมล์นี้ให้เพื่อน (เปิดในหน้าต่างใหม่) คลิกใช้ร่วมกันบนคลิก Reddit (เปิดในหน้าต่างใหม่) เพื่อใช้ร่วมกันบน Google + (เปิดในหน้าต่างใหม่) โหลด... 5 2555 มกราคมเปิดภาพวาดจีนเป็นเลื่อนแขวนMarabini เลน MuseumAs อังกฤษสัญญาในโพสต์ก่อนหน้านี้ ฉันตอนนี้จะอธิบายถึงขั้นตอนสุดท้ายของการอนุรักษ์จิตรกรรมและวิธีเปิดเข้าเลื่อนแขวน ซึ่งสามารถปลอดภัยสะสมสำหรับการจัดเก็บ กระบวนการนี้เรียกว่าหัวจ้วงDetaching จิตรกรรมจาก boardAfter แห้งเต็มไป ด้วยกระดาษ และกรอบ มีติดไหมภาพ ยืด และปฏิบัติตาม โดยระยะขอบที่แคบลงบนกระดานไม้ที่อบแห้ง กลับมีให้แห้งถึงห้าเดือน ขึ้นอยู่กับอายุและสภาพของภาพเขียน ต่อไปนี้เวลานี้ ผสมผสานแบน และแข็งเล็กน้อยเขาและภาพจะแยกออกจากคณะกรรมการเป่าแห้งใช้พายไม้ไผ่บาง ๆ และวางหน้าลงบนโต๊ะแลคเกอร์สีแดงพร้อมจะขัดเงาBurnishing หลังของ paintingA ที่ ใช้บางชั้นของขี้ผึ้งกับ verso- หรือหลัง – ภาพและนี้เป็นแล้วค่อย ๆ ขัดเงา ด้วยหินแม่น้ำที่ราบรื่น (เงา) กระบวนการนี้ก่อให้เกิดความสวยงามเรียบ ผิวพื้นผิวด้านหลังเลื่อน ใช้ขี้ผึ้งและ burnishing นั่นชั้นเลื่อน และปิดรูขุมขนของกระดาษ จึง ให้เลื่อนการ มีความยืดหยุ่นและความมั่นคงUsing a special Chinese knife to make the hanging scroll rod.The last step of the mounting process is the fixing of the original top stave,tian gan, and bottom roller, di gan, or, if necessary, replacements custom-made from cedar wood. The shape and diameter of these are proportional to the dimensions of the scroll.Small holes are drilled perpendicularly in the top stave and hand-made, copper hooks, ji jiao, are carefully stapled and secured inside it. A cotton cord, shen zi, is inserted inside the hooks and secured with two rods respectively at the extremities.Treated silk is tied at the centre of the cord to fasten the hanging scroll.The two sides of the wooden stave are covered with the same plain silk used to mount the scroll. These are called fengtou.The same silk is used to produce three thin strips that are pasted to close the loose ends of the cord at the edges. The choice and thickness of the strips illustrated here are characteristic of the Yan Ban Su BanSchool style adopted by the Shanghai Museum team.Special open silk called bai lin dai is laminated with flour paste and left to dry overnight. It is then cut into strips, folded in four and sewn to form a ribbon called dai zi. This is tied at the centre of the cord to fasten the hanging scroll.The insertion of the bottom roller, di ganThe bottom roller is selected for its weight. Both ends of it are worked with a special knife, each to form a point. Two hollow hardwood mahogany pommels called zhou tou are then fixed onto the wooden rod ends by forcing them in with a wooden hammer. As with the rest of the mounting process, the precision required at this point is paramount!The finished articleThe scroll can now be rolled, using the pommels, and secured with a ribbon or unrolled and hung as a hanging scroll or lizhou.If you would like to leave a comment click on the titleShare this:3Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)33Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)33Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)3Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)Loading...7 September 2011Conserving a Qing dynasty calligraphy scrollValentina Marabini, British MuseumZhu Pin Fang, Head of the conservation studio (centre), Valentina (right) and her colleague Shaozen assess the scroll before treatmentIn a previous post I described a hanging scroll that I was working on – a work of Qing Dynasty calligraphy. It is now finished. I wrote then that I would explain the process used to conserve it, so here goes.The first thing I had to do was to assess the scroll condition. The scroll is executed on paper – zhi ben hualong-fibered, which looks almost like silk. It was carefully analysed, photographed and the treatment procedure set. We next established the proportions and design for a new scroll mount.Unfortunately, the scroll was very creased with extensive horizontal cracks and signs of many previous repairs. However, the paint itself was stable and therefore suitable to be cleaned using a ‘wet’ treatment.Using a broad paibi brush we carefully sprinkled water over the surface and drained it off.When the painting was clean we could remove the old linings. A layer of dry xuan paper was placed over the face of the scroll, and the scroll and its support were loosely rolled up. The scroll was unrolled and flattened over wang wang juen (an open silk) face down and left overnight. During this time the paste and layers of backing papers became softer, making them easier to work with.To be able to remove the backing papers we had to remove many of the scroll layers. The scroll had three layers of backing papers – (i) a layer of white xuan paper repairs, (ii) a second lining of very long fibred paper and (iii) a first lining of thinxuan paper in direct contact with the calligraphy.We cleaned the edges of the missing areas, removing old paste residues and lightly evened their thickness with a very thin spatula. Some of the previous repairs were in good condition and were left in situ, but some had deteriorated and so were removed. The calligraphy was now ready for relining.Layers of paper were selected and dyed with natural pigments mixed with animal glue and water to match the tone. The back of the calligraphy was pasted with thin flour paste using a paibi brush. The first lining paper (a long fibered paper) was moistened and positioned over the calligraphy and adhered with awuzhou brush. On top of this a second lining of mian lian (thin xuanpaper) was pasted; this is called jia tou meaning additional lining.False paper margins were adhered to the edge of the calligraphy to facilitate joining to its new silk mount later on.When the lining was complete we could check the calligraphy itself. Missing areas were repaired with new paper made of mian lian and were evened with a thin spatula. The calligraphy was then turned face up and left to dry naturally.After sizing and drying, the calligraphy was again lightly moistened and adhered to a whitexuan paper, face up on the table. We could now start retouching. This is done in natural light, and aims to match the repaired areas to the colours of the original. Ink and pigments are carefully diluted and then applied.This process was followed by tou liao, the selection and dying of the appropriate silk to form the new mount. The silk mount was to be in two colours, a plain and a grey-blue pattern silk.With retouching completed, the calligraphy was detached and the edges of the mount were squared. The mounting silk was cut to size and attached to the calligraphy using a technique called wa hua: a window is cut precisely in the silk and the calligraphy is inserted into it.A final double-layered backing paper completed the lining stage and, after a period of drying, wooden fittings were attached to the top and bottom of the scroll so it was ready for hanging. I will write about that in my next post…Share this:11Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)113Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)3Click
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