The particle size range of the crushed mussel shell appears to be important in determining the efficiency of the shell as a sorbent of dissolved metals, with shell material crushed to <500 μm seemingly providing superior performance (Macaskill 2008). The reasons for this improved performance are not clear, but are likely to be related to increased surface area of particles, or greater exposure of organic components within the shell matrix that may also be active in retaining metals (Yan-jiao 2011). However, the release of Ca concomitantly with the capture of dissolved metals by crushed mussel shell indicates that cation exchange resulting in precipitation of insoluble metal carbonates is probably the dominant mechanism by which dissolved metals are retained by the mussel shell (Tudor et al. 2006).
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