studies are conducted in a single country and they assume
the homogeneity of online consumer behavior worldwide.
In addition, the number of studies measuring the
effects of hedonic and utilitarian value together is low
compared to number of studies measuring TAM variables.
Therefore, this paper proposes a model (as depicted
in Figure 2), in which the effects of hedonic and utilitarian
value on WOM intention, purchase intention, and patronage
intention are moderated by culture. Based on previous
research (Usunier, Roulin, and Ivens 2009; Singh, Zhao,
and Hu 2005), in online shopping settings, hedonic value
is expected to be more influential for high-context and
collectivistic cultures than utilitarian value, and vice versa.
Therefore, moderation effect of culture in online impulse
purchase context will be investigated with the same website
design used as a stimulus for all countries.