where V0 and Vd are the volumes of the sample (cm3) before and after
drying, respectively. The sample volume was determined using the
volumetric displacement method with glass beads with a diameter of
0.107–0.211 mm as the replacement medium (Thuwapanichayanan,
Prachayawarakorn, & Soponronnarit, 2008). Five measurements were
performed for each sample, and the mean values were reported.