Fall phenomena[edit]
See also: atmospheric entry and Meteorite fall
Most meteoroids disintegrate when entering Earth's atmosphere. Usually, five to ten a year are observed to fall and are subsequently recovered and made known to scientists [6] Few meteorites are large enough to create large impact craters. Instead, they typically arrive at the surface at their terminal velocity and, at most, create a small pit.
The 'crater' made by a 61.9 gram Novato meteorite when it hit a person's roof on October 17, 2012.
Large meteoroids may strike the ground with a significant fraction of their second cosmic velocity, leaving behind a hypervelocity impact crater. The kind of crater will depend on the size, composition, degree of fragmentation, and incoming angle of the impactor. The force of such collisions has the potential to cause widespread destruction.[7][8] The most frequent hypervelocity cratering events on the Earth are caused by iron meteoroids, which are most easily able to transit the atmosphere intact. Examples of craters caused by iron meteoroids include Barringer Meteor Crater, Odessa Meteor Crater, Wabar craters, and Wolfe Creek crater; iron meteorites are found in association with all of these craters. In contrast, even relatively large stony or icy bodies like small comets or asteroids, up to millions of tons, are disrupted in the atmosphere, and do not make impact craters.[9] Although such disruption events are uncommon, they can cause a considerable concussion to occur; the famed Tunguska event probably resulted from such an incident. Very large stony objects, hundreds of meters in diameter or more, weighing tens of millions of tons or more, can reach the surface and cause large craters, but are very rare. Such events are generally so energetic that the impactor is completely destroyed, leaving no meteorites. (The very first example of a stony meteorite found in association with a large impact crater, the Morokweng crater in South Africa, was reported in May 2006.[10])
A Bolide: a very bright meteor of an apparent magnitude of −14 or brighter.
Several phenomena are well documented during witnessed meteorite falls too small to produce hypervelocity craters.[11] The fireball that occurs as the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere can appear to be very bright, rivaling the sun in intensity, although most are far dimmer and may not even be noticed during daytime. Various colors have been reported, including yellow, green, and red. Flashes and bursts of light can occur as the object breaks up. Explosions, detonations, and rumblings are often heard during meteorite falls, which can be caused by sonic booms as well as shock waves resulting from major fragmentation events. These sounds can be heard over wide areas, with a radius of a hundred or more kilometers. Whistling and hissing sounds are also sometimes heard, but are poorly understood. Following passage of the fireball, it is not unusual for a dust trail to linger in the atmosphere for several minutes.
NWA 859 iron meteorite showing effects of atmospheric ablation
As meteoroids are heated during atmospheric entry, their surfaces melt and experience ablation. They can be sculpted into various shapes during this process, sometimes resulting in shallow thumbprint-like indentations on their surfaces called regmaglypts. If the meteoroid maintains a fixed orientation for some time, without tumbling, it may develop a conical "nose cone" or "heat shield" shape. As it decelerates, eventually the molten surface layer solidifies into a thin fusion crust, which on most meteorites is black (on some achondrites, the fusion crust may be very light colored). On stony meteorites, the heat-affected zone is at most a few mm deep; in iron meteorites, which are more thermally conductive, the structure of the metal may be affected by heat up to 1 centimetre (0.39 in) below the surface. Reports vary; some meteorites are reported to be "burning hot to the touch" upon landing, while others have been cold enough to condense water and form a frost.[12][13][14] Meteorites from multiple falls such as Bjurbole, Tagish Lake, and Buzzard Coulee have been found having fallen upon lake and sea ice, perhaps suggesting that they were not hot when they fell.
Meteoroids that experience disruption in the atmosphere may fall as meteorite showers, which can range from only a few up to thousands of separate individuals. The area over which a meteorite shower falls is known as its strewn field. Strewn fields are commonly elliptical in shape, with the major axis parallel to the direction of flight. In most cases, the largest meteorites in a shower are found farthest down-range in the strewn field
Fall phenomena[edit]
See also: atmospheric entry and Meteorite fall
Most meteoroids disintegrate when entering Earth's atmosphere. Usually, five to ten a year are observed to fall and are subsequently recovered and made known to scientists [6] Few meteorites are large enough to create large impact craters. Instead, they typically arrive at the surface at their terminal velocity and, at most, create a small pit.
The 'crater' made by a 61.9 gram Novato meteorite when it hit a person's roof on October 17, 2012.
Large meteoroids may strike the ground with a significant fraction of their second cosmic velocity, leaving behind a hypervelocity impact crater. The kind of crater will depend on the size, composition, degree of fragmentation, and incoming angle of the impactor. The force of such collisions has the potential to cause widespread destruction.[7][8] The most frequent hypervelocity cratering events on the Earth are caused by iron meteoroids, which are most easily able to transit the atmosphere intact. Examples of craters caused by iron meteoroids include Barringer Meteor Crater, Odessa Meteor Crater, Wabar craters, and Wolfe Creek crater; iron meteorites are found in association with all of these craters. In contrast, even relatively large stony or icy bodies like small comets or asteroids, up to millions of tons, are disrupted in the atmosphere, and do not make impact craters.[9] Although such disruption events are uncommon, they can cause a considerable concussion to occur; the famed Tunguska event probably resulted from such an incident. Very large stony objects, hundreds of meters in diameter or more, weighing tens of millions of tons or more, can reach the surface and cause large craters, but are very rare. Such events are generally so energetic that the impactor is completely destroyed, leaving no meteorites. (The very first example of a stony meteorite found in association with a large impact crater, the Morokweng crater in South Africa, was reported in May 2006.[10])
A Bolide: a very bright meteor of an apparent magnitude of −14 or brighter.
Several phenomena are well documented during witnessed meteorite falls too small to produce hypervelocity craters.[11] The fireball that occurs as the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere can appear to be very bright, rivaling the sun in intensity, although most are far dimmer and may not even be noticed during daytime. Various colors have been reported, including yellow, green, and red. Flashes and bursts of light can occur as the object breaks up. Explosions, detonations, and rumblings are often heard during meteorite falls, which can be caused by sonic booms as well as shock waves resulting from major fragmentation events. These sounds can be heard over wide areas, with a radius of a hundred or more kilometers. Whistling and hissing sounds are also sometimes heard, but are poorly understood. Following passage of the fireball, it is not unusual for a dust trail to linger in the atmosphere for several minutes.
NWA 859 iron meteorite showing effects of atmospheric ablation
As meteoroids are heated during atmospheric entry, their surfaces melt and experience ablation. They can be sculpted into various shapes during this process, sometimes resulting in shallow thumbprint-like indentations on their surfaces called regmaglypts. If the meteoroid maintains a fixed orientation for some time, without tumbling, it may develop a conical "nose cone" or "heat shield" shape. As it decelerates, eventually the molten surface layer solidifies into a thin fusion crust, which on most meteorites is black (on some achondrites, the fusion crust may be very light colored). On stony meteorites, the heat-affected zone is at most a few mm deep; in iron meteorites, which are more thermally conductive, the structure of the metal may be affected by heat up to 1 centimetre (0.39 in) below the surface. Reports vary; some meteorites are reported to be "burning hot to the touch" upon landing, while others have been cold enough to condense water and form a frost.[12][13][14] Meteorites from multiple falls such as Bjurbole, Tagish Lake, and Buzzard Coulee have been found having fallen upon lake and sea ice, perhaps suggesting that they were not hot when they fell.
Meteoroids that experience disruption in the atmosphere may fall as meteorite showers, which can range from only a few up to thousands of separate individuals. The area over which a meteorite shower falls is known as its strewn field. Strewn fields are commonly elliptical in shape, with the major axis parallel to the direction of flight. In most cases, the largest meteorites in a shower are found farthest down-range in the strewn field
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ดูเข้าบรรยากาศและอุกกาบาตตก
อุกกาบาตส่วนใหญ่สลายตัว เมื่อเข้าสู่โลกของบรรยากาศ โดยปกติ ห้าถึงสิบปีจะเห็นอยู่ และต่อมาได้ และทำให้รู้จักกับนักวิทยาศาสตร์ [ 6 ] ไม่กี่อุกกาบาตมีขนาดใหญ่พอที่จะสร้างหลุมอุกกาบาตที่มีขนาดใหญ่ แต่พวกเขามักจะมาถึงพื้นผิวที่ความเร็วปลาย และ มากที่สุดสร้างบ่อเล็ก
' ปล่อง ' โดย 61.9 กรัม newbie อุกกาบาตเมื่อมันชนคนหลังคาบน 17 ตุลาคม 2012 .
อุกกาบาตขนาดใหญ่อาจตีพื้นดินที่มีส่วนสําคัญของความเร็วของจักรวาลที่สองของพวกเขาทิ้ง hypervelocity ผลกระทบปล่องภูเขาไฟ ชนิดของปล่องภูเขาไฟจะขึ้นอยู่กับขนาด องค์ประกอบ และมุมองศาของการเข้ามาของอิมแพคเตอร์ , . The force of such collisions has the potential to cause widespread destruction.[7][8] The most frequent hypervelocity cratering events on the Earth are caused by iron meteoroids, which are most easily able to transit the atmosphere intact. Examples of craters caused by iron meteoroids include Barringer Meteor Crater, Odessa Meteor Crater, Wabar craters, and Wolfe Creek crater; iron meteorites are found in association with all of these craters. In contrast, even relatively large stony or icy bodies like small comets or asteroids, up to millions of tons, are disrupted in the atmosphere, and do not make impact craters.[9] Although such disruption events are uncommon, they can cause a considerable concussion to occur; the famed Tunguska event probably resulted from such an incident. Very large stony objects, hundreds of meters in diameter or more, weighing tens of millions of tons or more, can reach the surface and cause large craters, but are very rare. Such events are generally so energetic that the impactor is completely destroyed, leaving no meteorites.( ตัวอย่างแรกของหินอุกกาบาตที่พบร่วมกับปล่องภูเขาไฟ ผลกระทบ morokweng ปล่องภูเขาไฟขนาดใหญ่ในแอฟริกาใต้ มีรายงานในเดือนพฤษภาคม 2006 [ 10 ] )
Bolide : ดาวตกที่สว่างมากมีความส่องสว่างปรากฏของ− 14 หรือสว่าง .
ปรากฏการณ์หลายมีเอกสารดี ตอนเห็นอุกกาบาต น้ำตกขนาดเล็กเกินไปที่จะผลิต hypervelocity หลุม .[ 11 ] ลูกไฟที่เกิดขึ้นเป็นสะเก็ดดาวผ่านชั้นบรรยากาศจะปรากฏขึ้นจะสว่างมาก , rivaling ดวงอาทิตย์รุนแรง แม้ว่าส่วนใหญ่จะไกลหรี่และไม่แม้แต่จะสังเกตในช่วงกลางวัน สีต่าง ๆมีการรายงาน ได้แก่ สีเหลือง สีเขียว และสีแดง กะพริบและการระเบิดของแสงจะเกิดขึ้นเมื่อวัตถุแบ่งขึ้น ระเบิด , ระเบิด , and rumblings are often heard during meteorite falls, which can be caused by sonic booms as well as shock waves resulting from major fragmentation events. These sounds can be heard over wide areas, with a radius of a hundred or more kilometers. Whistling and hissing sounds are also sometimes heard, but are poorly understood. Following passage of the fireball, it is not unusual for a dust trail to linger in the atmosphere for several minutes.
NWA 859 iron meteorite showing effects of atmospheric ablation
As meteoroids are heated during atmospheric entry, their surfaces melt and experience ablation. They can be sculpted into various shapes during this process,บางครั้งส่งผลให้ตื้นรอยนิ้วมือเหมือนเยื้องบนพื้นผิวของตนเรียกว่า regmaglypts . หากสะเก็ดดาวรักษาถาวร ปฐมนิเทศ เวลา โดยไม่ต้อง ไม้ลอย มันอาจพัฒนาเป็นรูปกรวย " กรวยจมูก " หรือ " ความร้อนโล่ " รูปร่าง มัน decelerates ในที่สุดชั้นพื้นผิวหลอมรวมตัวกันเป็นฟิวชั่นเปลือกบาง ซึ่งในอุกกาบาตส่วนใหญ่เป็นสีดำ ( achondrites บาง ,ฟิวชั่นเปลือกอาจมากแสงสี ) ในหินอุกกาบาต ความร้อนที่ได้รับผลกระทบ โซน ที่ส่วนใหญ่ไม่กี่มิลลิเมตรลึก ; ในอุกกาบาตเหล็ก ซึ่งมีปริมาณกระแสไฟฟ้ามากขึ้น โครงสร้างของโลหะอาจจะได้รับผลกระทบจากความร้อนถึง 1 เซ็นติเมตร ( 0.39 ) ใต้ผิว รายงานที่แตกต่างกัน บางคนว่าเป็นอุกกาบาตเผาไหม้ร้อนไปสัมผัส " เมื่อจอดในขณะที่คนอื่น ๆได้ พอเย็น บีบน้ำและรูปแบบฟรอสต์ . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] อุกกาบาตจากน้ำตกต่างๆ เช่น bjurbole , ทะเลสาบ tagish และอีแร้งลำธารได้พบมีตกเหนือทะเลสาบและทะเลน้ำแข็ง บางทีบอกว่าพวกเขาไม่ร้อนเมื่อพวกเขาล้ม
อุกกาบาตที่ประสบการณ์ การหยุดชะงักในบรรยากาศฤดูใบไม้ร่วงอาจเป็นอุกกาบาตตกซึ่งสามารถช่วงจากเพียงไม่กี่ถึงหลักพันของแต่ละบุคคลต่างหาก พื้นที่ซึ่งอุกกาบาตฝักบัวน้ำตกเป็นที่รู้จักกันเป็นเกลื่อนสนาม เกลื่อนทุ่งมักรูปไข่ในรูปร่าง กับแกนหลักที่ขนานกับทิศทางการบิน ในกรณีส่วนใหญ่ , อุกกาบาตที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในอาบน้ำจะพบช่วงไกลลงในฟิลด์เกลื่อน
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