We chose the companies randomly, covering all subcomponents of the industrial sector and the service and trading (retail) sector, which together constitute the “private sector” in Dubai.9 To design our questionnaire, we modified those of Colin Drury, Chris Guilding, and Sulaiman to allow us to compare our study findings with those that looked at U.K. and Malaysian companies.10 We created the questionnaire, which consists of demographics, characteristics of cost accounting tools, and standard costing practices in Dubai, to answer the following questions