. As such they are able to increase the productivity of ports and
the efficiency of the flows that move through them. The largest terminal operating companies are
now Hutchison Port Holdings based in Hong Kong, PSA Corporation based in Singapore and DP World
from Dubai. Together with APM Terminals these four companies now handle the majority of
containers shipped across the globe. In contrast, the majority of land-based logistics service
providers (road, rail and barge transporters) remain local or national in their operations and remain
fairly small and medium in size (Ayoama et al 2006).