TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note................................................................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................................................. iii
List of tables, figures and boxes........................................................................................................................................... v
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................................................... vii
Explanatory notes................................................................................................................................................................ viii
Vessel groupings used in the Review of Maritime Transport ................................................................................................... ix
Executive summary............................................................................................................................................................. x
1. DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE TRADE ............................................ 1
A. World economic situation and prospects........................................................................................................ 2
B. World seaborne trade.................................................................................................................................... 5
C. Sustainable and resilient maritime transport systems...................................................................................... 21
2. STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP AND REGISTRATION OF THE WORLD FLEET ........................ 29
A. Structure of the world fleet............................................................................................................................ 30
B. Ownership and operation of the world fleet..................................................................................................... 35
C. Container ship deployment and liner shipping connectivity ............................................................................. 39
D. Registration of ships..................................................................................................................................... 41
E. Shipbuilding, demolition and new orders........................................................................................................ 43
3. FREIGHT RATES AND MARITIME TRANSPORT COSTS ................................................. 47
A. Determinants of maritime transport costs ...................................................................................................... 48
B. International transport costs.......................................................................................................................... 54
C. Recent developments in freight rates............................................................................................................. 56
4. PORTS ...................................................................................................................... 65
A. Ports and port-related developments ............................................................................................................. 66
B. International terminal operators..................................................................................................................... 70
C. Sustainability challenges facing ports ............................................................................................................ 73
5. LEGAL ISSUES AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS.................................................... 79
A. Important developments in transport law........................................................................................................ 80
B. Regulatory developments relating to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from international
shipping and other environmental issues........................................................................................................ 83
C. Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation .................................................................... 89
D. Status of conventions.................................................................................................................................... 96
E. Trade facilitation and sustainable development ............................................................................................... 97
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES
Tables
1.1. World economic growth, 2012–2015 (annual percentage change) .................................................................. 2
1.2. Growth