Excessive amounts of fructose consumption in animals and humans have been associated with detrimental metabolic effects. In the real world, fructose is consumed with glucose (sucrose) in foods and only some fruits, pears and apples, are high in fructose. Although high-fructose corn syrup is called “high,” the usual composition is close to sucrose. Fructose, as commonly consumed in mixed-carbohydrate sources, does not exert specific metabolic effects that can account for increases in body weight seen in recent years (4). A fructose workshop concluded that health outcomes research meant to inform health policy should use large, long-term studies using combinations of sugars found in the typical American diet rather than pure fructose or glucose