In addition, the starch concentration, based on dried weight, in CP is more than double that of the extracted tapioca (cassava) starch content (∼25%). With a higher starch content, the amount of ethanol that can be produced per unit weight from CP is increased. Since starch is the major carbohydrate in CP, then costly pretreatments, such as steam explosion, alkaline pretreatment and ammonia fiber expansion, which have to be used in lignocellulosic ethanol production, are not necessary.