disease outbreaks. The innate immune mechanisms in shrimp were
discussed by Dr Kenneth S๖derhไll, Uppsala University, Sweden.
An important innate immune response in arthropods is activation of
prophenoloxidase (ProPo) which leads to melanisation and elimination
of pathogens. In the assessment of response to bacterial attacks,
S๖derhไll said that antimicrobial peptides, astakines are melatonin
induced and immune responses vary between night and day.