Flexibility and continual monitoring is required by organisations and destinations to design and implement
effective strategies to deal with chaos and change. As noted previously in this paper organisations should take
a holistic approach to managing crises and may have to reconfigure their management structure, consider aspects related to resource allocation and organisational culture, all which may influence the effectiveness of crisis
management. Furthermore, there is a need for co-operation between a wide number of stakeholders both
internal and external to the organisation to effectively plan and manage crises and disasters. Leadership is
required to provide direction to the industry in times of crisis and to bring stakeholders together at an organisational and destination level for integrated crisis/disaster management. In particular, spokespeople are needed to
effectively deal with the media particularly for tourism crises or disasters.