2.6. Western blot analysis
Changes in the levels of photodamaged proteins were evaluated using Western
blot analysis, as reported previously but with slight modifications (Chiang et al.,
2012, 2014). Cells were collected and washed with PBS and then lysed in a lysis buffer.
The cell supernatant was collected and the protein concentration was measured
using the Bradford reagent. The cell lysates contained 30 lg of protein per lane and
were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
transferred to poly(vinylidene difluoride) membranes, and treated with appropriated
antibodies for Western blotting. b-actin was used to normalize the total
protein amount. Immunoreactive proteins were detected using an ECL Western
blotting detection system (Fujifilm, LAS-4000, Japan), and the signal strengths were
quantified using a densitometric program (MultiGauge V2.2)