These networks still possess some elements of
bureaucratic governance in that they are embedded in the
formal public administration structures and because there
are still competitive and rivalry elements among ministries
in the current stage of public administration development
in Korea. This is a form of “communication,
decision, and negotiation mechanism” that Grandori and
Soda (1995) mention. Korea is at a stage where in order
to maintain long-term cooperation among differentiated
societal actors, repeated sequential communication, decision,
and negotiation create more positive learning
effects on participants (Jun, 2000).