like, they do so as a result of Europeanization and in proportion as they have received the European impact. Thus also, the process of imperialism becomes a matter of giving civilization while taking resources.
These historical truisms provide some of the major elements in a structure of ideas that underlay European imperialism throughout its course and underlies it still. A double standard of morality was accepted by which privacy, brigandage, privateering, slave-raiding, slave-trading, and slavery itself were permitted so long as the venue were extra-European—indeed, the Enlightenment in Europe rather coincided with the age of slavery beyond the boundary. Colonialism acquired the status of a natural and inevitable process, almost foreordained by the internal evolution of Europe and developing smoothly and continuously from the first voyages of Henry the Navigator to the final partition of Africa. The establishment of large-scale capitalist enterprise in colonies and former colonies was equally inevitable, a matter of finding better and higher uses for land and labor than the natives themselves were capable of achieving. In the twentieth century, discomforting events like Japanese militarism and the growth of Chinese communism were cognized as effects of European ideas. Were it my intention to elaborate fully the Western model, I would attempt to show how these and like processes are, and have been in the past, cognized in terms of the few basic persistent truisms (not all of which have been mentioned, of course) which serve as assumptions in the model. At all stages in modern history, Europeans have drawn these truisms from Western ethnoscience whenever the need arose to justify events past, current, or planned. The same holds true today. The conception of non- European peoples as inferior in strength, intelligence, and virtue—that is, in national power, technological innovativeness, and justifiable aspirations—is still basic to the international policies of the West, although rarely stated in explicit terms and perhaps not even drawn out into the conscious decision-making process. Before pursuing this matter further, we had best present the alternative model, that of the Third World.