Methods
Participants
Between July, 1998, and Dec, 2000, we did a randomised controlled trial to which we enrolled teenagers who were attending their first antenatal appointment at an Australian public-care teenage pregnancy clinic for first-time mothers. Inclusion data were age younger than 18 years, ability to speak English, and intention to continue with the pregnancy and not to relinquish their infant. Exclusion criteria were residence more than 150 km from hospital fetal abnormality.
The institutional ethics committee of The King Edward Memorial Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital approved the study, and all participants provided written informed consent.