IHQs and ITCs Fully Come Into Effect: Tax
Opportunities Abound for Regional Hubs
1. Background
On 1 May 2015, the Thai Government, with a view to promote Thailand as a
regional headquarters and trading hub, enacted tax privileges for companies
incorporated in Thailand and operating as an international headquarters (IHQ)
or as an international trading center (ITC).
The Thai Cabinet initially approved the tax privileges on 23 December 2014,
according to the proposal of the Ministry of Finance. These incentives were
subsequently announced in the Royal Gazette on 1 May 2015 and came into
effect the next day under Royal Decrees 586 and 587.
Following this, notifications of the Director-General of the Revenue
Department were laid down to stipulate additional conditions and compliance
requirements for obtaining these tax privileges.
2. IHQs: Broader scope of services
The international headquarters (IHQ) scheme is a newly launched scheme
similar to that of Regional Operating Headquarters (ROH) under previous
schemes. IHQs, however, will operate under a broader scope of services,
looser conditions, and increased tax benefits, from both the aspect of
company and expatriate employee.
Notably, an IHQ only requires one affiliate in one foreign country, as opposed
to the requirement of having affiliates in three foreign countries under ROH
Schemes 1 and 2. Treasury-type activities, international trading services, and
capital gains tax exemptions for the IHQ on transfers of shares in offshore
affiliates, which had not been included in the previous schemes, have been
introduced in the new regime, and should be considered by business
operators as a potential source of tax indulgences to take advantage of.
Outlined below are four impending opportunities that stem from this new
scheme, and that apply to both Thai outbound companies, as well as
multinational firms seeking to establish a regional hub in Southeast Asia.
2.1. Back-office services
The IHQ scheme maintains the qualified services under the previously
launched ROH schemes, namely including services of general business
administration, procurement of raw materials, product research and
development, technical support, marketing and sales promotion, personnel
management and training, financial advice and analysis, and credit
management and control. Corporate income tax is lifted on all income from
back-office services provided to foreign affiliates and is reduced to 10 percent
for those provided to Thai affiliates.
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organizations, reference to a “partner” means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm. Similarly, reference to an “office” means an office of any such law firm.
2.2. Treasury-type activities
Compared to the previously launched ROH schemes, the IHQ scheme sets
out more relaxed requirements and a broader scope of treasury-type
activities. More specifically, an IHQ is allowed to have a foreign currency
deposit (FCD) account. This broader scope would definitely facilitate trade
and financial management among affiliated companies, e.g., regional clearing
house functions. More precisely, financial management services are defined
to cover two types of transactions:
I. financial management of the licensed Treasury Center approved by
the Bank of Thailand (BOT) under the Exchange Control Act; and
II. provision of loans in THB borrowed from Thai financial institutions or
Thai affiliates to domestic affiliates.
Corporate income tax is lifted on the income derived from services and loans
under the abovementioned financial management transactions provided to
foreign affiliates, and reduced to 10 percent if provided to Thai affiliates.
Furthermore, the interest on income from both foreign and Thai affiliates is
exempt from specific business tax.
2.3. Trading center
An IHQ is defined to include the function of an International Trading Center
(ITC). The function of a trading center enlarges the scope of international
trading services under the IHQ scheme since the recipient of services (e.g.,
procurement, purchase and sale of goods, raw materials, and assembly of
parts, maintenance, storage, packaging, and other international trading
services) includes foreign enterprises, whether affiliated or not. The income
from selling goods overseas to foreign customers is exempt from corporate
income tax, provided that the goods are procured from foreign suppliers, are
not brought into Thailand, or brought into Thailand merely through
transshipments under the Customs Act (so called "out-out transactions"). With
this incentive, business sectors may consider Thailand as its regional trading
hub.
2.4. Offshore investment
The newly introduced capital gains tax exemption on the transfer of shares
held in foreign affiliates can be seen as an opportunity for business operators
to make offshore investments through an IHQ, rather than setting up an
offshore holding company as previously done.1
Furthermore, corporate income tax is lifted on royalties and dividends
received from foreign affiliates, and reduced to 10 percent if received from
Thai affiliates. The definition of royalties under the new tax incentive regime is
broader than that defined under the previously launched ROH schemes, since
the royalties-generating activities are no longer limited only to research and
development conducted in Thailand, but become broader as defined in the
DTAs. This enables the IHQ to function as an IP regional hub for its affiliates.
With respect to the outbound payment from an IHQ, withholding tax is exempt
on interest (under financial management) and dividends paid out of the
exempted income.
1
The transfer of shares entitled to the capital gains tax exemption must comply with
the conditions below:
(i) underlying assets of a foreign affiliate in Thailand, either held directly or indirectly,
have a aggregate value of not exceeding 25 percent of the total assets value of the
affiliate; and
(ii) investment losses from disposal of shares held in foreign affiliates are not realized
as tax deductible expense.
Client Alert
© 2015 Baker & McKenzie. All rights reserved. Baker & McKenzie International is a Swiss Verein with member law firms around the world. In accordance with the common terminology used in professional service
organizations, reference to a “partner” means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm. Similarly, reference to an “office” means an office of any such law firm.
3. Rules to follow to enjoy IHQ incentives
A Thai-incorporated company which satisfies the qualifications below may
apply for approval from the Director-General of the Revenue Department. It
should be highlighted that existing ROHs can also apply for conversion to
IHQs:
1. have a paid-up capital of at least THB 10 million declared on the last
day of each accounting period;
2. have business expenditures of at least THB 15 million paid to
recipients in Thailand in each accounting period;
3. have qualified services provided to at least one foreign affiliate; and
4. comply with any other conditions, procedures, and rules as prescribed
by the Director-General of the Revenue Department.
An approved IHQ is entitled to tax privileges for 15 accounting periods,
counting from the first day after the approval is granted. The tax privileges will
cease if any of the qualifications no longer apply, however, the lapse of the
qualifications in any accounting period will not affect other accounting periods
in which the qualifications are satisfied.
In cases where the operation of an approved IHQ involves several types of
activities, consisting of IHQ and non-IHQ income generation, the IHQ is
required to maintain accounting records of IHQ and non-IHQ activity
separately. In such case, when expenses are not clearly attributable to IHQ
activities, the expenses shall be allocated in accordance to the ratio of IHQ to
non-IHQ income. In this regard, losses (if any) incurred from the IHQ
accounting book can be carried forward for 5 years to offset against profits to
be derived in that book, and vice versa for non-IHQ book.
4. ITCs: Focused on trading
A Thai-incorporated entity conducting procurement and sale of goods, raw
materials, accessories and assembly parts, or providing international trading
services, may apply for the tax incentives under the ITC scheme. Tax
privileges under the ITC scheme are granted with the satisfaction of similar
rules and conditions required for an IHQ as mentioned above, except only that
a foreign affiliate requirement is not compulsory. The income from so called
'out-out transactions' and international trading services provided to foreign
corporate entities, whether affiliated or not, is exempt from corporate income
tax. Identical to IHQs, ITCs are exempt from withholding tax on outbound
dividends paid from or in Thailand.
5. Summary
From the perspective of tax privileges granted and relaxation of criteria under
the IHQ and ITC schemes, Thailand can be considered a competitive tax
jurisdiction on par with Singapore, as the ease of spending requirements and
foreign country involvement stipulations can be achieved without difficulty.
Under the campaign, the scheme is designed to be practical and suitable for
all sizes of enterprises, including Thai outbound companies and multinational
companies seeking tax preferences. As such, these functional incentives can
be viewed as a notable opportunity for all business sectors to expand their
operations throughout Southeast Asia, whilst utilizing Thailand as a regional
hub.