where D50 represents the diameter (J.Lm) at which the distribution size is 50% above and 50% below.
The morphology of the pigmented composite toners was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (KYKY- EM3200, China), and the circularity of the toners was determined utilizing Image J software. Prior to imaging, the toner powders were coated with Au to make them conductive.
The thermal behavior of the toner was tested using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (Perkin-Elmer, USA). Approximately
5 mg of each sample was loaded into a pan and sealed with a cover- ing lid. Measurements were carried out over a temperature range
of 0–150 ◦ C at a heating rate of 10 ◦ C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Color measurement of the samples was done in the range of
380–780 nm with 10 nm intervals using a GretagMacbeth Color Eye
7000A spectrophotometer (USA), an instrument with 8/d geometry in a specular component included (SCI) mode, and then trans- formed into CIELAB colorimetric coordinates (L*, a*, b*) using CIE standard illuminant D65 and a CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer. An increase in L* indicates lightening of the sample. A
positive �a* signifies a color shift toward red; a negative �a*
signifies a color shift toward green. Similarly, a positive �b* sig- nifies a color shift toward yellow; a negative �b* signifies a color
shift toward blue [3].
The resultant color toner composites were printed in a con- trolled environment [23 ◦ C, 50% relative humidity (RH)] using a monochrome laser-jet printer (HP 1100, Laser-jet printer). This printer was changed to only have a hot roll fusing system contain- ing two metal rolls covered with silicone rubber and was heated from inside the rolls.