Future directions for managing impacts of wildlife tourism on wildlife
In order to optimise impacts of wildlife tourism on wildlife, it is critical for managers to begin by defining goals in relation to those impacts, and then to establish a management regime designed to meet these goals. This applies not only to natural resource managers, but also to tourism operators who wish to be environmentally responsible and ensure that their key resource is protected. This chapter has proposed a broad framework and ideas to help make this regime as effective as possible in meeting those goals. While management has historically been aimed mostly at ameliorating negative impacts on wildlife, a more holistic view entails managing the
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net impacts (positive and negative), in comparison to alternative land uses or fates of the wildlife concerned. Effective management regimes at the level of individual tourism sites and activities need to be supported by an effective regulatory and policy environment to protect against deterioration of wildlife resources and strategically to enhance links between wildlife tourism and conservation. For species, activities or sites where the threat to wildlife populations is considered serious and not amenable to effective management, wildlife tourism may need to be precluded. While wildlife management is often seen as the primary responsibility of government, it is up to the tourism industry, conservation NGOs and other stakeholders to lobby and work with government to implement appropriate management measures and to increase funding levels for management. It is encouraging that initiatives of this sort are occurring in several more-developed countries including the Watchable Wildlife Program and Teaming with Wildlife in the USA, the recently formed Wildlife Tourism Australia and the Scottish Wildlife and Nature Tourism Operators Association (see Chapter 13 ). Many integrated conservation and development programs in less-developed countries – typically centred on protected areas – are also working towards such goals, although their task is often more difficult (see Chapter 7). Further research should be strategically aimed at a better understanding of the effectiveness of various management approaches (especially education) in different situations, and at developing a suite of practical monitoring methods suited to particular species. A lack of adequate funding for researching, managing and monitoring the effects of nature-based and wildlife tourism on the natural environment (including wildlife) is perhaps the most severe constraint on effective management. Greater commitment from governments and the tourism industry is needed to provide the resources required to remove this constraint and make effective management a reality. This increased commitment is crucial to sustainability of wildlife tourism. The economic contribution and potential of wildlife tourism, coupled with the potential vulnerability of much of the wildlife resource, should be arguments used to encourage enhanced investment in effective management of impacts on wildlife.
ทิศทางในอนาคตสำหรับการจัดการผลกระทบของการท่องเที่ยวป่าในสัตว์ป่าเพื่อเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพผลกระทบของการท่องเที่ยวป่าในสัตว์ป่า มันเป็นสิ่งสำคัญสำหรับการเริ่มต้น ด้วยการกำหนดเป้าหมายที่สัมพันธ์กับผลกระทบเหล่านั้น และการสร้างระบอบการปกครองการบริหารออกแบบมาเพื่อตอบสนองเป้าหมายเหล่านี้ นี้ใช้ไม่เพียงแต่ การจัดการทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ แต่ผู้ประกอบการการท่องเที่ยวที่ต้องการรับผิดชอบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม และให้แน่ใจว่า ทรัพยากรที่สำคัญของพวกเขาได้รับการป้องกัน บทนี้ได้เสนอกรอบกว้างและทำให้ระบอบการปกครองนี้เป็นที่มีประสิทธิภาพที่สุดในการบรรลุเป้าหมายเหล่านั้น ในขณะที่การจัดการมีประวัติถูกส่วนใหญ่ที่มุ่ง ameliorating กระทบในสัตว์ป่า entails มองแบบองค์รวมมากขึ้นการจัดการการการจัดการผลกระทบของการท่องเที่ยวป่าในสัตว์ป่า227net impacts (positive and negative), in comparison to alternative land uses or fates of the wildlife concerned. Effective management regimes at the level of individual tourism sites and activities need to be supported by an effective regulatory and policy environment to protect against deterioration of wildlife resources and strategically to enhance links between wildlife tourism and conservation. For species, activities or sites where the threat to wildlife populations is considered serious and not amenable to effective management, wildlife tourism may need to be precluded. While wildlife management is often seen as the primary responsibility of government, it is up to the tourism industry, conservation NGOs and other stakeholders to lobby and work with government to implement appropriate management measures and to increase funding levels for management. It is encouraging that initiatives of this sort are occurring in several more-developed countries including the Watchable Wildlife Program and Teaming with Wildlife in the USA, the recently formed Wildlife Tourism Australia and the Scottish Wildlife and Nature Tourism Operators Association (see Chapter 13 ). Many integrated conservation and development programs in less-developed countries – typically centred on protected areas – are also working towards such goals, although their task is often more difficult (see Chapter 7). Further research should be strategically aimed at a better understanding of the effectiveness of various management approaches (especially education) in different situations, and at developing a suite of practical monitoring methods suited to particular species. A lack of adequate funding for researching, managing and monitoring the effects of nature-based and wildlife tourism on the natural environment (including wildlife) is perhaps the most severe constraint on effective management. Greater commitment from governments and the tourism industry is needed to provide the resources required to remove this constraint and make effective management a reality. This increased commitment is crucial to sustainability of wildlife tourism. The economic contribution and potential of wildlife tourism, coupled with the potential vulnerability of much of the wildlife resource, should be arguments used to encourage enhanced investment in effective management of impacts on wildlife.
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