The conversion of animal waste to biogas through anaerobic digestion (AD) processes can provide added value to farm livestock manure as an energy resource, while the operation of the corresponding agro-industrial AD-units will significantly contribute to regional development. As a matter of fact, when used in a fully engineered system, AD-technology not only prevents pollution, but also allows for sustainable energy production, as well as for compost and nutrient recovery. Nowadays, decentralized farm-based manure facilities represent probably the most common AD-technology in low-income agricultural countries; e.g. six to eight million family sized low-technology digesters are used in China and India to provide biogas for cooking and lighting [1]. Moreover, in several African countries biogas-producing units are dispersed in most of the regions, where animal dung is one of the main substrate sources; these units range from small/medium digesters with a gas production capacity less than 100 m3/day to larger digesters with a gas production capacity up to 500 m3/day [2].
Centralised energy schemes of AD are under detailed investigation by industries and governments in many high-income industrial countries. In fact, there are now over 800 farm-based digesters operating in Europe and North America [1]. In addition, energy production using AD-technology has been extensively studied in Denmark, where many centralized animal waste digesters are in place. The supply to the plants ranges from approximately 50–500 tons/day of manure mixed with 10–30% organic waste mainly from industries. The resulting daily gas production from each plant is usually in the range of 1000–15,000 m3[3]. The installation operation of biogas plants using mixed organic raw materials (see Fig. 1) is an attractive/promising investment when evaluated with socio-economic criteria as shown by several cases in Sweden, Holland and Germany. However, the requirements for using AD as a conversion process for energy production differ significantly among European countries; this is due to dissimilarities in (a) the organisation of the agriculture, (b) the energy distribution systems (gas, electricity or heat), and (c) the environmental and energy policies [4] and [5].
The conversion of animal waste to biogas through anaerobic digestion (AD) processes can provide added value to farm livestock manure as an energy resource, while the operation of the corresponding agro-industrial AD-units will significantly contribute to regional development. As a matter of fact, when used in a fully engineered system, AD-technology not only prevents pollution, but also allows for sustainable energy production, as well as for compost and nutrient recovery. Nowadays, decentralized farm-based manure facilities represent probably the most common AD-technology in low-income agricultural countries; e.g. six to eight million family sized low-technology digesters are used in China and India to provide biogas for cooking and lighting [1]. Moreover, in several African countries biogas-producing units are dispersed in most of the regions, where animal dung is one of the main substrate sources; these units range from small/medium digesters with a gas production capacity less than 100 m3/day to larger digesters with a gas production capacity up to 500 m3/day [2].
Centralised energy schemes of AD are under detailed investigation by industries and governments in many high-income industrial countries. In fact, there are now over 800 farm-based digesters operating in Europe and North America [1]. In addition, energy production using AD-technology has been extensively studied in Denmark, where many centralized animal waste digesters are in place. The supply to the plants ranges from approximately 50–500 tons/day of manure mixed with 10–30% organic waste mainly from industries. The resulting daily gas production from each plant is usually in the range of 1000–15,000 m3[3]. The installation operation of biogas plants using mixed organic raw materials (see Fig. 1) is an attractive/promising investment when evaluated with socio-economic criteria as shown by several cases in Sweden, Holland and Germany. However, the requirements for using AD as a conversion process for energy production differ significantly among European countries; this is due to dissimilarities in (a) the organisation of the agriculture, (b) the energy distribution systems (gas, electricity or heat), and (c) the environmental and energy policies [4] and [5].
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