Another issue is the effect of averting behaviour on the willingness to pay. Yet, there does not seem to
be a clear indication of how the WTP/WTA is affected by people who had taken noise alleviation
measures. Bristow and Wardman (op. cit.) found that those people have higher values, which
presumably corresponds to the self-selectivity effect found in in Arsenio et al. (2006) and Eliasson et
al. (2002), while Vainio’s (2001) and Pommerehne’s (1988) studies both found that installation of
insulation decreases WTP for further noise reductions. As already mentioned earlier, a recent rail noise
valuation study (Nunes and Travisi, 2007) showed that the attributes of a noise reducing measure (i.e.
height of a noise screen) affects benefits from noise abatement, thus pointing to a potential overlap
with other effects and a need for careful design of the noise change presentation format.