An obvious alternative interpretation of the findings in Study 1 is that ingroup members, and especially high identifiers, were never informed of some of the negative episodes in the first place. School history texts and other widespread source of historical information tend to accentuate the positive. Stories of atrocities and wrongs committed by compatriots are often omitted from a nation's history textbooks and censored from popular culture and scholarship (Hein & Selden, 2000). If negative historical information is sparse, then people might really have to search to find it. High identifiers are perhaps less likely than low identifiers to undertake such a search.