One of the weaknesses of the early theories was that they predicted reductions in FDI flows as a result of convergence in capital returns, labor costs, and regulations. However, in reality, FDI flows increased as the European economies converged towards US levels during the 1970s and 1980s. New theories were needed, and these came to focus on organization rather than international capital flows. The main questions were no longer related to factor movements but to why companies wanted to extend their activities across international borders and why they sought to control foreign production or service operations? The answers focused on the exploitation of firm-specific intangible assets (Hymer 1960, Buckley and Casson 1976). Different business activities are linked by flows of intermediate products, embracing not only ordinary semi-processed materials, but also knowledge and information in the form of technological know-how and skills embodied in goods and human capital. Some of the links can be based on market transactions, but external markets are often inefficient, especially with regard to transactions in intermediate products that embody firm-specific intangible assets related to knowledge, technology, organization, management skills, or marketing skills. This is because specification and pricing of these assets is particularly difficult. Moreover, external markets in knowledge intensive products are difficult to organize and usually do not cover the multiple eventualities that transactions in information give rise to. When external markets do not exist, or when the costs of operating in them are higher than the benefits, there are incentives for the MNC to develop its own internal organizational structure to achieve internal coordination of activities. This “internalization” may stretch across international borders, explaining the existence of multinational firms and FDI.