Generally, the teacher started each lesson with a few pre-listening exercises, that
is, discussion about the illustrations in the textbook, pronunciation of vocabulary items,
and matching definitions with vocabulary items. Then the teacher normally introduced an
audio-tape containing a mini-lecture. Each mini-lecture ranged from 1.38 to 3.30 minutes
in length, with the mean length of 2.40 minutes. The mini-lecture revealed a wide range
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of academic topics including business, engineering, computer science, general science,
and so on.