A study in South Africa reported that the social
dynamics that support violence were widespread
poverty, unemployment and income inequality.16
Countries with lower per capita income have
higher homicide rates, especially in Africa and the
Americas than in other regions.17 However, most
of the studies on risk factors of homicide were conducted
in high-income countries or middle-income
countries (low income ≤ $1005; lower–middle
income, $1006—$3975; upper–middle income,