Empirical Referents
Empirical referents are described by Walker and Avant (2005) as groups of actual phenomena that demonstrate the occurrence of the concept. PCC is typically measured from the perspective of the person receiving care. Measuring delivery of PCC in a postacute, inpatient environment is critical for assessing and improving individualized care at the bedside. There were four instruments identified in the literature used to measure PCC in a postacute inpatient setting. However, the Person-Centered Climate Questionnaire (PCQ; Edvardsson et al., 2009) and the Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire (PSNCQQ; Laschinger et al., 2005) did not measure the core concept of PCC as described in this analysis and focused more on the antecedents and consequences of PCC. Moreover, the instrument used to measure the antecedents, PCQ, measures the effect of the antecedents and not the antecedents directly. The combined synergy from the antecedents creates the person-centered health care climate and the climate is what the client experiences. The science regarding PCC is still emerging, and although these instruments capture some of the attributes identified in this concept analysis, more work is still needed to test and refine current instruments and develop additional ones to measure PCC. The entire list of instruments that could be used to measure the PCC, antecedents, and consequences are summarized in Table 1, with reliability and validity summarized in Table 2.