DiscussionIt is clear from both the survey data and from the richerdata from the workshops that the success factors identifiedin the literature did not all contribute equally during thetransformation program. Some such as employee buy-in,performance measurement, teamwork and collaborationwere perceived to be present and others such as the avail-ability of a clear transformation plan were not.The survey research indicated a strong correlation ofresponse with organisational level. In general the higherthe managerial grade the more positive the response soindicating greater belief in the presence of each successfactor. However, most interestingly, with those success fac-tors where this correlation was weakest it tended to bethe HoD and management grades that broke the trenddemonstrating a weaker belief in the presence of somesuccess factors than was demonstrated by some lowergrades.In addition the HoD and managerial grades demon-strated the highest level of ‘within-grade’ variationindicating lack of cohesion within these groups. This vari-ation was most clearly demonstrated in relation to themanagement commitment and communication successfactors with the HoDs in particular inconsistent in theirsupport for the change program. This variation within-grade was also evident during the workshop discussions.The two most coherent groups throughout were theDirectors and the Industrials. This is to be expected as theyare at the extremes with Directors at the strategic coreof the change program and Industrials at the periphery.However, interestingly some success factors such as avail-ability of a transformation plan and communication werenot strongly and consistently supported by any senior man-agement grades.These findings present an unusual picture when taken inthe context of the success of the change program where, thetransformation has been (and continues to be) a success. Atan operational level all financial targets were exceeded andservice levels were met or bettered, In addition at a strate-gic level this business model is being further developed byBabcock for use within other MoD sites across the threeservices (Army, Navy and RAF) which is further testimonyto its efficacy.This success seems to be at odds with the, at best,marginal existence of most of the necessary critical suc-cess factors for successful transformation. Overall of theidentified success factors only one, performance measure-ment, exhibited some consistency in agreement acrossemployee groups. This indicates that this factor played acentral role in the success of the change and it is importantto understand why this is the case.The literature (Pugh, 1978; Duclos, 1989) recommendsthat during any period of change performance must bemeasured in two ways; first, progress towards the changegoal must be monitored to ensure the change program is