In fact, two common errors seem to be associated with the failure to accurately
discriminate between univariate and multivariate approaches toward data analysis.
First, many researchers believe that conducting a MANOVA will provide
protection from Type I error inflation when conducting multiple univariate
ANOVAs. Following this erroneous reasoning, for instance, we would first
conduct a MANOVA for the personality data above and, if significant, judge the
statistical significance of the univariate ANOVAs based on their unadjusted
observed p-values rather than their Bonferroni-adjusted p-values. Although such
an analysis strategy is common in the literature, it is not to be recommended
because the Type I error rate will only be properly controlled when the null
hypothesis is true (Bray & Maxwell, 1982), which is an unlikely occurrence in
practice and therefore an unrealistic assumption. Type I error inflation can be
controlled through the use of a Bonferroni adjustment or a fully post hoc critical
value derived from the results of a MANOVA, but the researcher must make the
extra effort to compute the critical values against which to judge each univariate
F-test (see Harris, 2001, and below). To reiterate, simply running a MANOVA
prior to multiple ANOVAs will not generally provide appropriate protection
against Type I error inflation. The extra step of computing the Bonferroni-adjusted
critical values or the special MANOVA-based post hoc critical value must also
be taken.
In fact, two common errors seem to be associated with the failure to accuratelydiscriminate between univariate and multivariate approaches toward data analysis.First, many researchers believe that conducting a MANOVA will provideprotection from Type I error inflation when conducting multiple univariateANOVAs. Following this erroneous reasoning, for instance, we would firstconduct a MANOVA for the personality data above and, if significant, judge thestatistical significance of the univariate ANOVAs based on their unadjustedobserved p-values rather than their Bonferroni-adjusted p-values. Although suchan analysis strategy is common in the literature, it is not to be recommendedbecause the Type I error rate will only be properly controlled when the nullhypothesis is true (Bray & Maxwell, 1982), which is an unlikely occurrence inpractice and therefore an unrealistic assumption. Type I error inflation can becontrolled through the use of a Bonferroni adjustment or a fully post hoc criticalvalue derived from the results of a MANOVA, but the researcher must make theextra effort to compute the critical values against which to judge each univariateF-test (see Harris, 2001, and below). To reiterate, simply running a MANOVAprior to multiple ANOVAs will not generally provide appropriate protectionagainst Type I error inflation. The extra step of computing the Bonferroni-adjustedcritical values or the special MANOVA-based post hoc critical value must alsobe taken.
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