On day 2, elimination of shortening rendered significantly
harder crumbs only in three formulations: S and C breads that
contained 1 g/100 g of emulsifier and in T breads containing 2 g/
100 g of emulsifier. Elimination of emulsifier did not increase
crumb hardness (p > 0.05) in any formulation. In general, crumb
hardness on day 2 of CT breads was not affected by the concentration
of shortening and emulsifier used (p > 0.05).