where, y and x are outputs and inputs across time t to t+1. The Malmquist indices are
computed in this study relative to previous periods over the test window. The technical
efficiency change measures the change in efficiency between period t and t+1, while the
technical change captures the shifts in the technology applied over time by a DMU. A value
greater than one (less than one) in both cases indicates growth (or decline) in productivity:
that is positive (or negative) factor performance.