) Boiling water extraction. Actually, the water should never boil, but rather should simmer. Cover a handful of lichen with acidified water (add a little vinegar to a half-gallon of water, to bring it to a pH of about 5-6) and simmer, covered for an hour or so to extract the dye. Dye extraction can involve heating, then cooling for several hours or overnight, then heating again. The water might turn a color, or it might not; any color the water turns might relate to the actual dye color, or it might not. Longer heating tends to bring out more of the brown tones that are part of most lichen colors. If the lichen you are extracting gives brown anyway, you can use longer heating to get the most dye out of your dyestuff. After the dye is extracted, remove the lichen mass, rinse in a colander and go on to method 3, below.
2) Fermentation. This is the term for extended soaking in an alkaline solution, covered, at room temperature; no yeast is involved. Use a solution of household ammonia (3 parts water to 1 part ammonia), instead of stale urine, as in the old days. Plain ammonia works best; although the "lemon" and "sudsy" formulations will work, they smell peculiar or foam in the dyepot. Summer temperatures in New Mexico are too hot to put the lichen fermentation jars in the sun, as recommended in some dye books—the heat will greatly weaken or even destroy the dye.
Put a handful of lichen into a glass jar and cover generously with ammonia solution, but do not fill the jar. Gallon pickle or mason jars are great if you get serious about lichen dyes. Cover the mouth of the jar with a square of plastic cut from a zip-loc plastic bag and then screw on the lid. This will protect the metal of the lid from the ammonia fumes, and the lichen dye from the metals in the lid. Three times a day, vigorously tip the jar back and forth (this takes the place of the "stirring" mentioned in the books)—you'll get lots of foam. Keep doing this three times a day for about a week. Thereafter, vigorously tip the jar one to two times a day—you'll get less foam and it will dissipate quickly. The ammonia solution might turn a color, or it might not; any color the solution turns might relate to the actual dye color, or it might not. A clear or milky solution, for instance, often yields lavender in the dyepot. The dye is ready at any point after the foam starts to break down quickly (usually within two to four weeks). Some dyers have kept lichens in fermentation jars for years with no apparent harm to the dye.
3) Secondary Extraction A. Lichens can be coaxed to yield the maximum amount of color using this method, and a third or fourth color is usually the reward. The method works by first extracting dye from a handful of lichen with simmering water (method 1), removing and rinsing the lichen with water using a colander, and then extracting dye from that same handful of lichen by fermentation in a jar (method 2). The ammonia solution might turn a color, or it might not; any color the solution turns might relate to the actual dye color, or it might not.
4) Secondary Extraction B. The method works by first extracting dye from a handful of lichen by fermentation in a jar (method 2), removing and rinsing the lichen with water using a colander, and then extracting dye from that same handful of lichen by simmering water (method 1). The water might turn a color, or it might not; any color the water turns might relate to the actual dye color, or it might not.
Secondary extraction seems to work best with simmered lichens going into fermentation (Secondary Extraction A), although sometimes a fourth color can be obtained by going from fermentation into simmering water (Secondary Extraction B).
Lichens as Dye Sources
• Lichens dye protein fibers–wool silk, etc.
• Lichen dyes are substantive–no mordant needed
• Lichen dye acids are invisible–color of dyebath might not have anything to do with the final color
• Overheating a dye pot can brown out the color
• Some lichen dyes are sensitive to light, others (typically the browns) are very light-fast
Dyeing with Lichen Dyes
Lichen dyes don't need a mordant to bind to the protein material (such as wool and silk) being dyed, but mordants can change the colors of some dyes. It's hard to say how much lichen it takes to dye a given quantity of protein fiber—equal amounts of lichen and fiber are probably the way to start, but the brown colors go farther than the other water-extracted colors, and the fermented extractions go even farther. If you do secondary extractions (method 3A and 3B, above), you can get the most color from a scarce dyestuff. The dyes obtained from fermentation are very concentrated, with perhaps a cup of dye liquor dispersed in an entire dyebath for a half-ounce or more of fiber.
You can shift acidic water-extracted lichen dyes to bluer tones by adding ammonia, baking soda, or washing soda to the make the dyebath slightly alkaline. On the other hand, neutra
) การแยกน้ำเดือด จริง น้ำต้มควรไม่ แต่ควรเคี่ยวประมาณค่อนข้าง ครอบคลุมกำมือของไลเคนด้วยน้ำกรด (เพิ่มสายชูครึ่งแกลลอนน้ำ นำไปวัดค่า pH ประมาณ 5-6) และ เคี่ยว ครอบคลุมการ หรือเพื่อ การแยกสีย้อม การสกัดสีย้อมสามารถเกี่ยวข้องกับเครื่องทำความร้อน แล้วระบายความร้อนสำหรับหลายชั่วโมงหรือหลาย แล้วความร้อนอีกครั้ง น้ำอาจเปลี่ยนสี หรืออาจไม่ สีน้ำอาจเกี่ยวข้องกับสีย้อมจริง หรืออาจไม่ เครื่องทำความร้อนนานจะ นำมาเพิ่มเติมของโทนสีน้ำตาลที่เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของสีไลเคนส่วนใหญ่ ถ้าไลเคนที่คุณกำลังดึงข้อมูลให้น้ำตาลต่อไป คุณสามารถใช้เครื่องทำความร้อนนานไปสีย้อมส่วนใหญ่ของคุณให้ หลังจากที่สกัดสีย้อม เอาไลเคนมวล ล้างในตะแกรง/กระชอน และไปยังวิธีที่ 3 ด้านล่าง2) หมัก นี้เป็นคำสำหรับขยายในโซลูชันเค็ม ครอบคลุม ที่อุณหภูมิห้อง ยีสต์ไม่มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้อง ใช้การแก้ไขปัญหาของครัวเรือนแอมโมเนีย (3 ส่วนน้ำ 1 ส่วนแอมโมเนีย), แทนปัสสาวะเก่า เหมือนในวันเก่า แอมโมเนียธรรมดาดีที่สุด แม้ว่า "มะนาว" และ "sudsy" สูตรจะทำงาน พวกเขาได้กลิ่นแปลก หรือโฟมในการ dyepot มีร้อนใส่ขวดหมักไลเคนในดวงอาทิตย์ ฤดูร้อนอุณหภูมิในนิวเม็กซิโกแนะนำในหนังสือบางเล่มสี — ความร้อนจะอ่อนตัวลงอย่างมาก หรือแม้กระทั่งทำลายสีย้อมPut a handful of lichen into a glass jar and cover generously with ammonia solution, but do not fill the jar. Gallon pickle or mason jars are great if you get serious about lichen dyes. Cover the mouth of the jar with a square of plastic cut from a zip-loc plastic bag and then screw on the lid. This will protect the metal of the lid from the ammonia fumes, and the lichen dye from the metals in the lid. Three times a day, vigorously tip the jar back and forth (this takes the place of the "stirring" mentioned in the books)—you'll get lots of foam. Keep doing this three times a day for about a week. Thereafter, vigorously tip the jar one to two times a day—you'll get less foam and it will dissipate quickly. The ammonia solution might turn a color, or it might not; any color the solution turns might relate to the actual dye color, or it might not. A clear or milky solution, for instance, often yields lavender in the dyepot. The dye is ready at any point after the foam starts to break down quickly (usually within two to four weeks). Some dyers have kept lichens in fermentation jars for years with no apparent harm to the dye.3) Secondary Extraction A. Lichens can be coaxed to yield the maximum amount of color using this method, and a third or fourth color is usually the reward. The method works by first extracting dye from a handful of lichen with simmering water (method 1), removing and rinsing the lichen with water using a colander, and then extracting dye from that same handful of lichen by fermentation in a jar (method 2). The ammonia solution might turn a color, or it might not; any color the solution turns might relate to the actual dye color, or it might not.4) Secondary Extraction B. The method works by first extracting dye from a handful of lichen by fermentation in a jar (method 2), removing and rinsing the lichen with water using a colander, and then extracting dye from that same handful of lichen by simmering water (method 1). The water might turn a color, or it might not; any color the water turns might relate to the actual dye color, or it might not.Secondary extraction seems to work best with simmered lichens going into fermentation (Secondary Extraction A), although sometimes a fourth color can be obtained by going from fermentation into simmering water (Secondary Extraction B).Lichens as Dye Sources • Lichens dye protein fibers–wool silk, etc. • Lichen dyes are substantive–no mordant needed • Lichen dye acids are invisible–color of dyebath might not have anything to do with the final color • Overheating a dye pot can brown out the color • Some lichen dyes are sensitive to light, others (typically the browns) are very light-fastDyeing with Lichen DyesLichen dyes don't need a mordant to bind to the protein material (such as wool and silk) being dyed, but mordants can change the colors of some dyes. It's hard to say how much lichen it takes to dye a given quantity of protein fiber—equal amounts of lichen and fiber are probably the way to start, but the brown colors go farther than the other water-extracted colors, and the fermented extractions go even farther. If you do secondary extractions (method 3A and 3B, above), you can get the most color from a scarce dyestuff. The dyes obtained from fermentation are very concentrated, with perhaps a cup of dye liquor dispersed in an entire dyebath for a half-ounce or more of fiber.You can shift acidic water-extracted lichen dyes to bluer tones by adding ammonia, baking soda, or washing soda to the make the dyebath slightly alkaline. On the other hand, neutra
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
