Broadcast Addresses
Broadcast and broadcast addresses are discussed many times in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. Broadcast is a generic term meaning message or data sent to all hosts in a network while broadcast address is a generic term meaning an address to which broadcasts are sent. It is important to understand that not all broadcasts are same. They can be divided into two different types:
Layer 2 broadcasts – These broadcasts are sent at layer 2 and are limited to a LAN. These do not cross the boundary of a LAN, which is defined by a router.
Layer 3 broadcasts – These broadcasts are sent at layer 3 and go to the network.
You already know what unicast and multicast are but just to put them into perspective of broadcasts, these terms are defined below again:
Unicast – Messages or data sent to a single host are called unicast.
Multicast – Messages or data sent to a group of devices is called multicast.
Like broadcasts, broadcast addresses also differ based on the layer. The different types are discussed below:
Layer 2 Broadcast Address – Layer 2 address are 48bit hexadecimal values. An example of layer 2 addresses is a3.4c.56.ea.f5.aa. Similarly, a layer 2 broadcast is a hexadecimal value of all Fs or a binary value of all 1s – FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
Layer 3 Broadcast Address – This chapter showed you that the last address of a subnet is a broadcast address such as 192.168.1.255/24. These addresses have all host bits on and refer to all hosts in that subnet. An address with all its bits turned on – 255.255.255.255 – is a special broadcast address that refers to all hosts in all networks.
A good example to understand how broadcast addresses are used, consider the following example of how a host requests IP address from a DHCP server:
When a host boots up and needs to get an IP address from the DHCP server, it does not know if the DHCP server in this same LAN segment or across a router. So it sends a DHCP request with the destination IP address set to 255.255.255.255 and the destination MAC address set to FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
The layer 2 broadcast goes out to the LAN and if a DHCP server is connected to the segment, it will respond back.
If the DHCP server is not on the segment, the router will see the packet and covert it into a unicast message and send it to the DHCP server. The router needs to be configured for this though.
The DHCP will reply back with a unicast.
As the above example demonstrates, broadcast is very useful and can be converter to unicast when required.
Summary
This chapter is one of the most important chapters in this book and covers the most fundamental blocks of a network. IP Address Classes, Private and Public addresses and subnetting are very important for both the CCNA exam as well as for understanding the rest of the topics coming up
I cannot stress enough the importance of these topics and would strongly suggest you to go through it again and clarify any doubts you might have before moving ahead.
Broadcast AddressesBroadcast and broadcast addresses are discussed many times in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. Broadcast is a generic term meaning message or data sent to all hosts in a network while broadcast address is a generic term meaning an address to which broadcasts are sent. It is important to understand that not all broadcasts are same. They can be divided into two different types:Layer 2 broadcasts – These broadcasts are sent at layer 2 and are limited to a LAN. These do not cross the boundary of a LAN, which is defined by a router.Layer 3 broadcasts – These broadcasts are sent at layer 3 and go to the network.You already know what unicast and multicast are but just to put them into perspective of broadcasts, these terms are defined below again:Unicast – Messages or data sent to a single host are called unicast.Multicast – Messages or data sent to a group of devices is called multicast.Like broadcasts, broadcast addresses also differ based on the layer. The different types are discussed below:Layer 2 Broadcast Address – Layer 2 address are 48bit hexadecimal values. An example of layer 2 addresses is a3.4c.56.ea.f5.aa. Similarly, a layer 2 broadcast is a hexadecimal value of all Fs or a binary value of all 1s – FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FFLayer 3 Broadcast Address – This chapter showed you that the last address of a subnet is a broadcast address such as 192.168.1.255/24. These addresses have all host bits on and refer to all hosts in that subnet. An address with all its bits turned on – 255.255.255.255 – is a special broadcast address that refers to all hosts in all networks.A good example to understand how broadcast addresses are used, consider the following example of how a host requests IP address from a DHCP server:When a host boots up and needs to get an IP address from the DHCP server, it does not know if the DHCP server in this same LAN segment or across a router. So it sends a DHCP request with the destination IP address set to 255.255.255.255 and the destination MAC address set to FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FFThe layer 2 broadcast goes out to the LAN and if a DHCP server is connected to the segment, it will respond back.If the DHCP server is not on the segment, the router will see the packet and covert it into a unicast message and send it to the DHCP server. The router needs to be configured for this though.The DHCP will reply back with a unicast.As the above example demonstrates, broadcast is very useful and can be converter to unicast when required.SummaryThis chapter is one of the most important chapters in this book and covers the most fundamental blocks of a network. IP Address Classes, Private and Public addresses and subnetting are very important for both the CCNA exam as well as for understanding the rest of the topics coming upI cannot stress enough the importance of these topics and would strongly suggest you to go through it again and clarify any doubts you might have before moving ahead.
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