During chemotherapy, data are less convincing but most studies have proposed insufficient support in already malnourished patients and more studies are needed. During radio-chemotherapy for cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, prophylactic placement of a gastrostomy, before any nutritional intervention, is associated with a better prognosis for the patient and is recommended. In surgery, the nutritional preoperative load is recommended in malnourished and non-malnourished patients before major surgery and early postoperative oral or enteral nutrition is associated with a reduction in infectious complications and mortality