Sources of oxidative stress in diabetes
Direct evidence of oxidative stress in diabetes is based on studies that focused on the measurement of oxidative stress markers such as plasma and urinary F2-isoprostane as well as plasma and tissue levels of nitrotyrosine and •O2- [11,20-23]. There are multiple sources of oxidative stress in diabetes including nonenzymatic, enzymatic and mitochondrial pathways. Thus, we will first discuss these mechanisms and conclude with the recently proposed working plan for the initiation of oxidative stress and related vascular complications in diabetes.